An electrochemical treatment of differently protected aniline or napthylamine results in the preparation of unsymmetrical 2, 2-diaminebiaryls provided with different protecting groups. The treatment involves the protecting groups prior to the C, C coupling step. The co-reactants generally have different oxidation potentials which results from the selection of the protecting groups. The treatment also enables controlled access to the individual amino functions of the 2, 2-diaminobiaryls by subsequent selective deprotection.

Novel 2,2-diaminobiaryls having one primary and one secondary amine and an electrochemical process for preparation thereof.

Devices and methods that can detect and control an individual polymer in a mixture is acted upon by another compound, for example, an enzyme, in a nanopore are provided. The devices and methods also determine (?>50 Hz) the nucleotide base sequence of a polynucleotide under feedback control or using signals generated by the interactions between the polynucleotide and the nanopore. The invention is of particular use in the fields of molecular biology, structural biology, cell biology, molecular switches, molecular circuits, and molecular computational devices, and the manufacture thereof.

Devices and methods that can detect and control an individual polymer in a mixture is acted upon by another compound, for example, an enzyme, in a nanopore are provided. The devices and methods also determine (?>50 Hz) the nucleotide base sequence of a polynucleotide under feedback control or using signals generated by the interactions between the polynucleotide and the nanopore. The invention is of particular use in the fields of molecular biology, structural biology, cell biology, molecular switches, molecular circuits, and molecular computational devices, and the manufacture thereof.

The present invention relates to a method of producing at least one alkane, the method comprising, producing at least one carboxylic acid from a carbon source using a genetically modified microorganism, and performing Kolbe electrolysis on the carboxylic acid to produce the alkane, wherein the alkane comprises at least 6 carbon atoms and the carboxylic acid comprises at least 4 carbon atoms and wherein the carbon source is selected from the group consisting of ethanol, acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, valerate, hexanoate and combinations thereof and the microorganism is capable of producing the carboxylic acid using ethanol-carboxylate fermentation.

Synthetic methods are described herein operable to efficiently produce a wide variety of molecular species through conjugate additions via decarboxylative mechanisms. For example, methods of functionalization of peptide residues are described, including selective functionalization of peptide C-terminal residues. In one aspect, a method of peptide functionalization comprises providing a reaction mixture including a Michael acceptor and a peptide and coupling the Michael acceptor with the peptide via a mechanism including decarboxylation of a peptide reside.

A method for heterocycle catalyzed electrochemical reduction of a carbonyl compound is disclosed. The method generally includes steps (A) to (C). Step (A) may introduce the carbonyl compound into a solution of an electrolyte and a heterocycle catalyst in a divided electrochemical cell. The divided electrochemical cell may include an anode in a first cell compartment and a cathode in a second cell compartment. The cathode generally reduces the carbonyl compound to at least one aldehyde compound. Step (B) may vary which of the aldehyde compounds is produced by adjusting one or more of (i) a cathode material, (ii) the electrolyte, (iii) the heterocycle catalyst, (iv) a pH level and (v) an electrical potential. Step (C) may separate the aldehyde compounds from the solution.

A cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition is provided. The composition contains a mixture of oils prepared by Kolbe electrolysis of branched chain fatty acids and mixtures of branched chain fatty acids with straight chain fatty acids. The fatty acids containing from 3 to 26 carbon atoms. The oils are a mixture of oils with different spreading rates (spreading cascade).

A method for converting carboxylic acids (including carboxylic acids derived from biomass) into hydrocarbons. The produced hydrocarbons will generally have at least two oxygen containing substituents (or other substituents). In one example of application, the electrolysis converts alkali salts of carboxylic acids into diols which can then be used as solvents or be dehydrated to produce dienes, which can then be used to produce elastic polymeric materials. This process allows custom synthesis of high value chemicals from renewable feed stocks such as carboxylic acids derived from biomass.

A planar dissolved oxygen sensing electrode for water quality monitoring and a manufacturing method thereof are provided. The sensing electrode includes an insulating base plate, an electric-conductive layer, an oxygen sensing layer, a reference sensing layer, and an electrolyte layer. The electric-conductive layer is disposed on the planar surface of the insulating base plate. The electric-conductive layer includes a first conductive part, a second conductive part, a first reaction zone and a second reaction zone. The first conductive part and the second conductive part are connected to the first reaction zone and the second reaction zone, respectively. The oxygen sensing layer disposed on the first reaction zone includes plural catalyst particles dispersed in the polymer matrix. The reference sensing layer is disposed on the second reaction zone. The electrolyte layer is disposed on the oxygen sensing layer and the reference sensing layer.