Exemplary embodiments in desalination by direct contact membrane distillation present a cylindrical cross-flow module containing high-flux composite hydrophobic hollow fiber membranes. The present embodiments are directed to a model that has been developed to describe the observed water production rates of such devices in multiple brine feed introduction configurations. The model describes the observed water vapor production rates for different feed brine temperatures at various feed brine flow rates. The model flux predictions have been explored over a range of hollow fiber lengths to compare the present results with those obtained earlier from rectangular modules which had significantly shorter hollow fibers.

A multi-layer membrane which has a mixed polyamide selective layer supported on a porous polysulfone layer. The mixed polyamide selective layer includes reacted units of a polyfunctional acyl halide (e.g. trimesoyl chloride) and a diamine mixture containing 4,7,10-trioxa-1,13-tridecanediamine and a cyclic diamine (e.g. piperazine). Methods of fabricating the multi-layer membrane via techniques such as phase inversion and interfacial polymerization are described. The inventive membrane is evaluated on its water flux and salt rejection (e.g. sulfate and chloride salts) capabilities. A water desalination system containing the multi-layer membrane(s) is also provided.

A system for cleaning water can include an intake configured to receive input water, a pump configured to move the input water through at least a portion of the system, a discharge for discharging output water, an electromagnet configured to expose the input water to a magnetic field fluidically between the intake and the discharge, a course filter unit configured to filter the input water fluidically between the intake and the discharge, a nano-bubble injector configured to inject nanobubbles into the input water fluidically between the intake and the discharge, and an ultrafiltration filter configured to filter the input water fluidically between the intake and the discharge. A system for cleaning water can include a system for producing potable fresh water from seawater.

An electrode with a relatively high surface area is formed substantially from graphene sheets.

A submerged offshore reverse osmosis desalination apparatus and method uses desalinated product water from the apparatus and an onshore cooler or heat exchanger to provide or improve the cooling of an onshore Rankine Cycle heat engine.

A desalination battery includes a working intercalation electrode in a first compartment, a counter intercalation electrode in a second compartment, both compartments including saline water solution with an elevated concentration of dissolved salts, an ion exchange membrane arranged between the compartments, a voltage source arranged to supply voltage to the electrodes, and a sacrificial compound configured to neutralize charge within the first compartment at a predetermined voltage while being consumed by oxidation or reduction reactions upon an activation of the working electrode.

An exemplary power system utilizes turbines configured within a water intake conduit to the desalination processor to produce power for the desalination processor. Water intakes are configured to provide a natural flow of water to the desalination processor though hydrostatic pressure. One or more turbines coupled with the water intake conduits are driven and produce power for the system. The desalination processor incorporates Graphene filters to and may include a structured water system to increase the H3O2 concentration of the water prior to Graphene filters. Discharge water may be pumped back into the body of water but be separated from the intakes. A secondary power source, such as a renewable power source, may be used to produce supplemental power for the system. Power produced may be provided to a secondary outlet, such as a power grid, all above and/or underground.

Disclosed techniques include liquid purification with pressure vessels. Access to a set of at least two pressure vessels is obtained. The pressure vessels are interconnected using piping and computer-controlled switching valves. A first pressure vessel of the set is filled with a liquid. A second pressure vessel of the set is filled with a pressurized gas. The pressurized gas is sharp interface immiscible with the liquid. Switching valves are controlled to enable the pressurized gas in the second pressure vessel to force the liquid from the first pressure vessel into a purification chamber. Additional switching valves are controlled to enable a third pressure vessel to fill with liquid while a fourth pressure vessel is filled with purification chamber retentate. The liquid is prepurified prior to filling the first pressure vessel. The prepurifying is enabled by compressed air. The purification chamber includes a reverse osmosis chamber.

The present disclosure describes a process for producing a reducing liquid comprising providing a liquid: providing a reducing gas and/or a metasilicate; and infusing the reducing gas and/or the metasilicate to the liquid, for the reducing gas and/or metasilicate to react with the liquid to produce a reducing liquid that has an oxidation reduction potential (ORP) value of about 100 mV or more negative. Further described is the process for preparing a reducing gas, which includes the steps of preparing an activator, introducing the activator into an electrolytic reactor, adding water, and applying a direct current to produce the reducing gas. Also described is a system for producing a reducing liquid.

A subsea desalination template includes subsea desalination module zones and module fluid couplings. A desalinated water outlet is in fluid connection with the module fluid coupling in the subsea desalination module zone. Subsea desalination modules with reverse osmosis cartridges are in fluid connection with a subsea template fluid coupling, a seawater inlet section, and a concentrated seawater outlet section. A transport pump assembly for desalinated water in a pump module is in fluid connection with the subsea desalination template and the desalination modules. A seawater circulation pump is in fluid connection with a seawater side of the at least one reverse osmosis cartridge. A desalinated water pipeline conveys fluid from the desalinated water transport pump assembly to a location above sea level.