The invention relates to an electrodialysis device for the desalination of water for oil and gas applications comprising: a membrane stack comprising alternating cation- and anion-exchange membranes (2.1, 2.3) and a plurality of spacers (2.2, 2.4), each spacer being arranged between two successive membranes; wherein at least one of the spacers (2.2, 2.4) comprises a recessed area (3.2) and a non-recessed area (3.3), a central opening (3.1) within the recessed area (3.2); the spacer (2.2, 2.4) is provided with at least four orifices (3.4, 3.5) within the non-recessed area (3.3); and with respective channels (3.6) which connect at least two of the orifices (3.4) with the central opening (3.1); and one membrane (2.1, 2.3) is accommodated in the recessed area (3.2). The invention also relates to a water desalination process using the electrodialysis device mentioned above.

Provided are systems and methods for removing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from a contaminated stream comprising: collecting a contaminated stream comprising one or more PFAS; concentrating the one or more PFAS of the contaminated stream to achieve a concentrated stream having greater than or equal to 0.01 wt. % PFAS; and removing the one or more PFAS of the concentrated stream by heating the concentrated stream in the presence of calcium oxide to produce calcium fluoride.

A two-stage treatment process for destroying per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in an aqueous stream. The two-stage treatment process uses a combination of multifunctional crystalline molecular sieves, such as zeolites and zeotypes, to separate PFAS from the aqueous stream, catalytically decompose and defluorinate any PFAS molecules, and generate non-toxic waste products that are safe for disposal. The first stage includes adsorption of the PFAS within one of a pair of vessels containing porous, hydrophobic, hydrothermally stable molecular sieves, dehydration of the captured PFAS on the sieves, and catalytic ozonation of the captured PFAS molecules on the dried sieves. The second stage involves catalytic decomposition and neutralization of the ozonation results with one of a pair of vessels including a zeolite-supported CaO catalyst, catalytic oxidation of any toxic CO generated by the decomposition, and an acid wash for regeneration of the spent catalyst.

Highly mesoporous activated carbon products are disclosed with mesoporosities characterized by mesopore volumes of 0.7 to 1.0 cubic centimeters per gram or greater. Also disclosed are activated carbon products characterized by a Molasses Number of about 500 to 1000 or greater. Also disclosed are activated carbon products characterized by a Tannin Value of about 100 to 35 or less. The activated carbon products may be further characterized by total pore volumes of at least 0.85 cubic centimeters per gram and BET surface areas of at least about 800 square meters per gram. The activated carbon product may be derived from a renewable feedstock.

Provided is a microbial fuel cell including a cathode and an anode, wherein the cathode includes a waterproof gas diffusion layer including a siloxane and a catalyst layer including a binder, wherein a surface of the gas diffusion layer opposite the catalyst layer contacts air, and the anode includes electrogenic bacteria. Also provided is a method for making a microbial fuel cell, including fabricating a cathode, wherein fabricating includes disposing a siloxane solution onto a surface of a substrate, wherein the siloxane solution includes a siloxane and a solvent, drying the siloxane solution to form a waterproof gas diffusion layer, and placing the gas diffusion layer on a catalyst layer including a binder, and facing an anode with the cathode whereby the gas diffusion layer faces away from the anode and contacts air.

Oxidation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFAS) contaminated solids and liquids in an in-situ desired zone of treatment using high redox potential free-radicals. An oxidant and a metal catalyst are combined forming a low temperature thermal remediation of PFAS through chemical oxidation in-situ.

An improved method for removing contaminants, such as 1,4 dioxane, from ground water using an advance oxidation process. The improved method uses a controlled injection of monochloramine into the effluent in an amount that suppresses formation of bromates but does not interfere with the oxidative destruction of 1,4 Dioxane destruction. Removing iron from the effluent with a sand filter further improves the removal of bromates from the treated water.

A process for removing oil and other organics especially lipids from process steams comprising lipids, brown grease, and water is disclosed and a process to remove metals and organics from leachate from landfills and other waste sites that generate contaminated water streams. The process involves adjusting pH and using electrical fields generated by a device comprising electrodes to induce gas bubbles. The gas bubbles facilitate the movement of lipids toward the surface of the solution where they may be skimmed off and recovered.

The present disclosure provides for devices, systems, and methods of separating PFAS compounds from wastewater leachate. After separation, the PFAS compounds can be rendered less harmful. The present disclosure provides for devices, systems, and methods that uses aeration-induced foaming to isolate PFAS from landfill leachate into a concentrated, volume reduced liquid (coalesced foam), which can be separated and treated.

A system and method for performing electrochemically-cycled oxidation on landfill leachate are provided for the removal of organic materials in landfill leachate which have an ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UVA.sub.254), thus pre-treating the landfill leachate for co-treatment through dilution with municipal sewage. Electrochemical oxidation is performed on the landfill leachate in a first reactor chamber to produce hypochlorite (OCl.sup.), followed by delayed application of ultraviolet radiation to produce hydroxyl radicals (OH.sup.) and reactive chlorine species to break bonds in the organic materials. A portion of this partially-treated landfill leachate is then fed to a second reactor chamber for subsequent dichlorination through ultraviolet photolysis. An equivalent volume of fresh landfill leachate is fed into the first reactor chamber to begin the cycle again, allowing for continuous treatment of a source of landfill leachate.