A method is disclosed for converting biomass into a fuel additive, the method comprising: liquefying the biomass to form a liquor; neutralizing the liquor; precipitating lignin out of the liquor; extracting furfural (FF) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from the liquor; and hydrodeoxygenating (HDO) the extracted furfurals over a Cu—Ni/TiO.sub.2 catalyst. The catalyst for hydrodeoxygenating (HDO) furfural (FF) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to methylated furans comprises copper-nickel (Cu—Ni) particles supported on titanium dioxide (TiO.sub.2), and wherein the copper-nickel particles form core-shell structures in which copper (Cu) is enriched at a surface of the catalyst.

The present invention relates to catalytically active material, comprising grains of non-graphitizing carbon with cobalt nanoparticles dispersed therein, wherein d.sub.p, the average diameter of cobalt nanoparticles in the non-graphitizing carbon grains, is in the range of 1 nm to 20 nm, D, the average distance between cobalt nanoparticles in the non-graphitizing carbon grains, is in the range of 2 nm to 150 nm, and ω, the combined total mass fraction of metal in the non-graphitizing carbon grains, is in the range of 30 wt % to 70 wt % of the total mass of the non-graphitizing carbon grains, and wherein d.sub.p, D and ω conform to the following relation: 4.5 d.sub.p/ω>D≥0.25 d.sub.p/ω. The present invention, further, relates to a process for the manufacture of material according to the invention, as well as its use as a catalyst.

A catalyst may include a base material, a precious metal, and a metal oxide. At least a portion of the precious metal may form catalytically active sites on a surface of the metal oxide. The catalytically active sites may be formed by depositing the precious metal on the base material to form a catalyst structure, performing a first calcination on the catalyst structure, depositing the metal oxide on the catalyst structure, wherein the precious metal is at least partially encapsulated by the metal oxide, performing a second calcination on the catalyst structure, and reducing the catalyst structure with a reductive material, where at least a portion of the precious metal diffuses to a surface of the metal oxide to form the catalytically active sites.

A functional structural body includes a skeletal body of a porous structure composed of a zeolite-type compound, and at least one type of metallic nanoparticles present in the skeletal body, the skeletal body having channels connecting with each other, the metallic nanoparticles being present at least in the channels of the skeletal body.

The presently invention provides an emission control catalyst article comprising a substrate, a bottom washcoat layer comprising a platinum group metal coated on the 60 to 100% length of the substrate, and a top washcoat layer comprising a platinum group metal coated on the 60 to 100% length of the substrate such that the top coat covers at least 60% of the length of the bottom washcoat layer, wherein at least a portion of the top washcoat layer, the bottom washcoat layer or both washcoat layers comprises a platinum group metal deposited within the said washcoat layer(s) with a platinum group metal gradient such that the PGM concentration in a top-most portion of the said washcoat layer is at least two time higher compared to the PGM concentration in a bottom-most portion of the said washcoat layer.

Methods for making a multilevel core-shell structure having a core/graphene-based shell structure are described. A method for making a core/graphene-based shell structure can include obtaining a composition that includes core nano- or microstructures and graphene-based structures having at least a portion of a surface coated with a curable organic material, where the core nano- or microstructures and graphene-based structures are dispersed throughout the composition and subjecting the composition to conditions that cure the organic material and allow the graphene-based structures to self-assemble around the core nano- or microstructures to produce a core/graphene-based shell structure that has a graphene-based shell encompassing a core nano- or microstructure.

A double-layer structured catalyst for use in dehydrogenation of light hydrocarbon gas within a range of C3 to C6, configured such that platinum, tin, and an alkali metal are carried in a phase-changed carrier, wherein the tin component is present in an entire region inside the carrier, and the platinum and the tin form a single complex and are present in an alloy form within a range of a predetermined thickness from an outer periphery of the carrier.

An exhaust gas purification device includes a substrate including an upstream end and a downstream end and having a length Ls; a first containing Pd particles, extending between the upstream end and a first position, and being in contact with the substrate; a second containing Rh particles, extending between the downstream end and a second position, and being in contact with the substrate; and a third catalyst layer containing Rh particles, extending between the upstream end and a third position, and being in contact with at least the first catalyst layer, wherein an average of a Rh particle size distribution is from 1.0 to 2.0 nm, and a standard deviation of the Rh particle size distribution is 0.8 nm or less in each of the second catalyst layer and the third catalyst layer.

Described herein are methods, compositions and kits utilizing heterogeneous metal catalysts for the preparation of cycloaddition compounds, such as triazoles and biomolecules.

A composition for exhaust gas purification including first alumina including alumina containing lanthanum and second alumina including alumina containing lanthanum. The first alumina has a higher lanthanum content than the second alumina. The second alumina has a larger particle size than the first alumina. The lanthanum content of the first alumina is preferably 2 to 12 mass %, in terms of oxide, based on the total mass of alumina and lanthanum oxide of the first alumina. The lanthanum content of the second alumina is preferably 9 mass % or less, in terms of oxide, based on the total mass of alumina and lanthanum oxide of the second alumina.