Generating an improved/more accurate geolocation database is provided. Given a dataset of reverse DNS hostnames for IP addresses, ground truth information, and a hierarchical geographical database, a machine learning classifier can be trained to extract and disambiguate location information from the reverse DNS hostnames of IP addresses and to apply machine learning algorithms to determine location candidates and to select a most probable candidate for a reverse DNS hostname based on a confidence score. The classifier can be used to generate an accurate geolocation database, or to provide accurate geolocation information as a service.

An internet protocol (IP) access point sends, to a requesting device, a modified version of a first web page comprising first modifications made in accordance with policy handling information, and receives, from the requesting device, a request for a second web page. Responsive to detecting that the request for the second web page comprises one or more of the first modifications, the IP access point sends a modified version of the second web page comprising second modifications made in accordance with the policy handling information to the requesting device.

Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for gateway selection. One apparatus identifies a country in which the apparatus is currently located and transmits a query to a DNS server if the apparatus not being located in a home country, the query identifying the country in which the apparatus is currently located and receives a query response from the DNS server. The apparatus determines that gateway selection is mandated in the country if it receives a query response containing one or more records and selects a first gateway in a VPLMN indicated by the one or more records, each record indicating a VPLMN in the country. The apparatus determines that gateway selection is not mandated in the country if the query response contains no records and selects a second gateway, the second gateway selected in a VPLMN indicated in stored gateway selection information.

Methods, systems, and computer program products for managing Internet of Things (IoT) network-connected devices.