The invention provides a method of electrochemical detection of clozapine in a whole blood sample or plasma sample, e.g., capillary sample, using an electrochemical microsensor comprising an array of working microelectrodes, i.e., bare and coated; by application of voltammetry and measurement of current as the electrochemical signal, a data set consisting of plurality of electrochemical signals is obtained, to which chemometric methods are applied to quantify clozapine in the sample.

Provided are a device and a method for rapidly and simply detecting endotoxin without using an expensive reagent. The endotoxin detection device includes: a region containing an electrolyte solution; a partitioning member that partitions the region into two compartments such that the two compartments are in communication via a nanopore; a first electrode that is disposed in a first compartment; a second electrode that is disposed in a second compartment and is electrically connected to the first electrode; an electrolyte solution flow generating means that causes electrolyte solution in the first compartment to move to the second compartment via the nanopore; an application means that applies voltage between the first electrode and the second electrode; and a monitoring means that monitors current.

The present disclosure relates to a microfluidic particle concentrator that includes an inlet microchannel, a filtering chamber fluidly connected to the inlet microchannel to receive a sample fluid, and a mechanical filter positioned in the filtering chamber. The particle concentrator also includes a filter outlet microchannel fluidly connected to the filtering chamber to receive a particle-ablated fluid formed by passing through the mechanical filter, a particle outlet microchannel fluidly connected to the filtering chamber to receive a particle-concentrated fluid including a plurality of particles not permitted to pass through the mechanical filter, and a fluid movement network including multiple pumps. The multiple fluid pumps generate sample fluid flow through the inlet microchannel and into the filtering chamber, particle-ablated fluid flow from the mechanical filter into the filter outlet microchannel, and particle-concentrated fluid from the filtering chamber into the particle outlet microchannel.

A method for processing a substrate by using fluid flowing through a particle detector is provided. The particle detector is utilized to detect nano-particles contained in fluid. The particle detector includes a substrate and a pair of sensing electrodes disposed on the substrate. The substrate includes nano-pores, wherein the pore size of the nano-pores is greater than the particle size of the nano-particles, allowing the nano-particles contained in the fluid passing through the nano-pores. The pair of sensing electrodes are positioned adjacent to at least one of the nano-pores.

Aspects of the present disclosure involve systems, methods, and the like, for a fabrication of a particulate matter (PM) sensor that utilizes a capacitance sensor to detect sub-micrometer and nanoparticles in the respirable range of an environment. In one implementation, the capacitance sensor may comprise interdigitated electrodes between which a capacitance may be measured. PM deposited on the sensor may cause the capacitance between the electrodes to be altered and such a change in capacitance may be measured by the PM sensor. This measurement of the change in capacitance of the interdigitated capacitance sensor may therefore be correlated to the presence of sub-micrometer and nanoparticles in an environment. In one particular implementation, the PM sensor may further include a micro-heater circuit, a readout circuit, and an interface connecting the readout circuit to the micro-heater/capacitance sensor of the PM sensor.

A particle detector for detecting nano-particles contained in fluid is provided. The particle detector includes a substrate and at least one pair of sensing electrodes disposed on the substrate. The substrate includes nano-pores, wherein the pore size of the nano-pores is greater than the particle size of the nano-particles, allowing the nano-particles contained in the fluid passing through the nano-pores. The at least one pair of sensing electrodes are positioned adjacent to at least one of the nano-pores.