Improvements to asynchronous spatial listen before talk (LBT) procedures are disclosed. In a shared spectrum network spatial LBT procedures are used for directionally targeting the channel reservation process. Prior to transmitting channel reservation signaling, the transmitter and receiver determine an effective interference considering available multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) configuration information. When the effective interference exceeds a predefined threshold, the node may without transmission of its channel reservation signal. Otherwise, when the effective interference remains within the threshold, each node's transmitted channel reservation signal may also identify at least a beamforming matrix either as payload or used to precode the node's channel reservation signal.

The present invention relates generally to a protective wrap and a protective envelope or pouch: made therefrom, as well as the apparatus and: process for forming such wraps and envelopes. Water-based heat-expandable adhesives (WBHEA) which include a plurality of heat-expandable microspheres are disposed in a pattern between, web substrates on a continuous, high speed manufacturing line to produce padded, insulated products: useful as envelopes, mailers and other protective packaging.

The provided are a four side seal packaging bag and a preparation device and method thereof. The preparation device includes at least: a film material conveying mechanism, configured to continuously convey a film material of a packaging bag along a length direction of the film material; a folding mechanism, configured to fold the film material conveyed by the film material conveying mechanism; a cutting mechanism, configured to cut the upper film material; punch-and-cut mechanisms, configured to form square punch-and-cut regions and separate the square punch-and-cut regions from the side accordion film materials; a side accordion forming mechanism, configured to perform a forming operation on the side accordion film materials; and a hot-sealing mechanism, configured to hot-seal the upper film material, the formed side accordion film materials, and the lower film material.