Gear arrangement for a vehicle, having an input shaft, a layshaft, an output shaft connected to a drive wheel of the vehicle, a plurality of shiftable first gear wheel sets which connect the input shaft and the layshaft and which are each associated with at least one gear stage, and a machine gear connected to one of the shafts and into which the drive torque of an electric machine can be introduced. The first gear wheel sets form a first part-gear mechanism, wherein at least one second shiftable gear wheel set connects the layshaft and the output shaft and forms a second part-gear mechanism, wherein the at least one second gear wheel set is associated with at least one gear stage and wherein the machine gear is arranged in an axial direction between the first part-gear mechanism and the second part-gear mechanism.

A clutch locking mechanism is a clutch locking mechanism (80) mounted in a saddle type vehicle (1) and includes a clutch (26) which enters an engaged state where power can be transmitted when an actuator (28) is operated and returns to a disengaged state where power cannot be transmitted when the actuator (28) is not operated, and a locking mechanism (100) having an operator (101) which is able to bring the clutch (26) into the engaged state separately from an operation of the actuator (28).

Embodiments of the disclosed gear transmission comprise an input shaft and a coaxial output shaft, a planetary gear assembly configured with a sun gear fixedly articulated to the input shaft, a ring gear of the planetary gear assembly fixed at a hub of a transmission plate configured with a peripheral gear ring, a gear ratio changing mechanism comprising a pinion gear engaged with the peripheral gear ring of the transmission plate and rotatable about a radial axis, and a transmission pinion gear coupled to an axle rotatably articulated with the pinion gear. The transmission pinion gear being displaceable along the axle and configured for engaging with a rotatable gear plate. The gear plate is coaxially articulated with the output shaft and the gear plate is configured at an inside face thereof with a plurality of coaxially disposed gear rings. The transmission pinion gear is engageable with a gear ring of the gear plate, and the gear ratio changing mechanism comprises a manipulator configured for selective radial displacing the transmission pinion gear between gear rings of the gear plate. The axle is configured to rotate about its longitudinal axis and simultaneously rotate about a central axis of the input shaft in a direction opposed to the direction of rotation of the transmission plate.

Embodiments of the disclosed gear transmission comprise an input shaft and a coaxial output shaft, a planetary gear assembly configured with a sun gear fixedly articulated to the input shaft, a ring gear of the planetary gear assembly fixed at a hub of a transmission plate configured with a peripheral gear ring, a gear ratio changing mechanism comprising a pinion gear engaged with the peripheral gear ring of the transmission plate and rotatable about a radial axis, and a transmission pinion gear coupled to an axle rotatably articulated with the pinion gear. The transmission pinion gear being displaceable along the axle and configured for engaging with a rotatable gear plate. The gear plate is coaxially articulated with the output shaft and the gear plate is configured at an inside face thereof with a plurality of coaxially disposed gear rings. The transmission pinion gear is engageable with a gear ring of the gear plate, and the gear ratio changing mechanism comprises a manipulator configured for selective radial displacing the transmission pinion gear between gear rings of the gear plate. The axle is configured to rotate about its longitudinal axis and simultaneously rotate about a central axis of the input shaft in a direction opposed to the direction of rotation of the transmission plate.

A first slider and a fifth-speed driving gear are arranged along an axial direction on a driving shaft. A shift fork has an end located in a guide groove of a shift drum, and another end connected to the first slider. In gear-shifting to a fifth speed, the first slider moves on the driving shaft so that a plurality of fifth-speed dog projections and a plurality of fifth-speed dog recesses mesh with each other. At least four of the plurality of fifth-speed dog projections and at least four of the plurality of fifth-speed dog recesses mesh within a range of 90 degrees at one side in the circumferential direction of the fifth-speed driving gear and a range of 90 degrees at another side in the circumferential direction of the fifth-speed driving gear with respect to a reference line.

A first slider and a fifth-speed driving gear are arranged along an axial direction on a driving shaft. A shift fork has an end located in a guide groove of a shift drum, and another end connected to the first slider. In gear-shifting to a fifth speed, the first slider moves on the driving shaft so that a plurality of fifth-speed dog projections and a plurality of fifth-speed dog recesses mesh with each other. At least four of the plurality of fifth-speed dog projections and at least four of the plurality of fifth-speed dog recesses mesh within a range of 90 degrees at one side in the circumferential direction of the fifth-speed driving gear and a range of 90 degrees at another side in the circumferential direction of the fifth-speed driving gear with respect to a reference line.

A snowmobile has a gearbox having a first shaft, a second shaft, first transmission gears mounted to the first shaft and second transmission gears mounted to the second shaft. A driven gear mounted to the first shaft engages a forward drive gear mounted to a countershaft. In a first configuration: the first shaft is coupled to the countershaft; when rotating, a driveshaft rotates in a same direction as the countershaft; and configurable portions of the countershaft and second shaft are free of gears. In a second configuration: the forward drive gear is in selective free-spin engagement with the countershaft; a reverse drive gear mounted to the configurable portion of the countershaft is in driving engagement with the countershaft; an actuator selectively transmits rotary motion from the countershaft to the gearbox; a reverse driven gear mounted to the configurable portion of the second shaft meshes with the reverse drive gear.

A control device of a gear transmission-equipped vehicle includes a power controller that starts power reduction control when it is determined that a start condition is satisfied, the power reduction control being control of reducing power transmitted from a driving source to a gear transmission. The start condition includes: a condition that a detection value of a gear position sensor that detects a current gear position of the gear transmission falls within a transition region between engagement regions corresponding to respective gear positions; and a condition that a speed difference obtained by subtracting a rotational speed of an output shaft of the gear transmission from a rotational speed of an input shaft of the gear transmission is a threshold or more.

A control device of a gear transmission-equipped vehicle includes a power controller that starts power reduction control when it is determined that a start condition is satisfied, the power reduction control being control of reducing power transmitted from a driving source to a gear transmission. The start condition includes: a condition that a detection value of a gear position sensor that detects a current gear position of the gear transmission falls within a transition region between engagement regions corresponding to respective gear positions; and a condition that a speed difference obtained by subtracting a rotational speed of an output shaft of the gear transmission from a rotational speed of an input shaft of the gear transmission is a threshold or more.

Systems and methods for evaluating ND are described herein. An example method can include constructing a non-sequential (NSC) ray-tracing model of an eye with an ophthalmic lens, and modelling a light source and a detector. The detector can be configured to mimic a retina of the eye. The method can also include computing irradiance data using the light source, the NSC ray-tracing model, and the detector. Irradiance data can be computed for each of a plurality of pupil sizes. The method can further include evaluating ND by analyzing the respective irradiance data for each of the pupil sizes. Also described herein are methods for designing an ophthalmic lens edge that reduces the incidence of ND for a given ophthalmic lens by adjusting the edge thickness and/or the scatter.