The invention consists of a codification and cueing system for the optimization of adversarial or cooperative interactions between human actors engaged in sports and other activities. The system uses measurements from motion sensors to identify key events in the activity and participant's behavior to provide real-time cues to help the actors perform as well as train. The system is illustrated for a tennis application. The codification describes the players' interactions based on court events, such as the ball's trajectory relative to the court, and player behavioral events, such as the stroke phases and court movements. The cueing method can be implemented using different subsets of such events. In its simplest implementation, timing cues are obtained from the stroke backswing initiation, forward swing initiation and impact of the ball on the racket. Following the detection of these events, a signal is transmitted to the adversary where it is used to generate auditory, visual and/or haptic stimuli. These stimuli encode information that help the players anticipate the type of oncoming ball and hence the cue helps select, prepare for and execute the appropriate stroke. The anticipatory cue also primes the players' perceptual processes, directing attention to relevant aspects of the performance.

A racket-free tennis training device includes a maneuverable platform on which an elevation mechanism is mounted. A ball receiving and shooting mechanism is mounted on the elevation mechanism. The ball receiving and shooting mechanism includes a ball receiving mechanism, a ball management mechanism, and a ball shooting mechanism. The ball receiving mechanism includes a ball receptacle. The ball management mechanism includes a ball collection barrel and an advancing mechanism. The above arrangement allows for correctly receiving a tennis ball from an opponent site and then serving a ball to the opponent site to simulate an actual tennis game.

A racket-free tennis training device includes a maneuverable platform on which an elevation mechanism is mounted. A ball receiving and shooting mechanism is mounted on the elevation mechanism. The ball receiving and shooting mechanism includes a ball receiving mechanism, a ball management mechanism, and a ball shooting mechanism. The ball receiving mechanism includes a ball receptacle. The ball management mechanism includes a ball collection barrel and an advancing mechanism. The above arrangement allows for correctly receiving a tennis ball from an opponent site and then serving a ball to the opponent site to simulate an actual tennis game.

An Internet of Thing (IoT) device includes a camera coupled to a processor; and a wireless transceiver coupled to the processor. Blockchain smart contracts can be used with the device to facilitate secure operation.

A method of customizing a golf club, wherein the method includes generating operating data representative of a user operating a mechanical device. The operating data is generated by a first sensor sized and configured to be removably positioned in a mounting port formed on the mechanical device during operation of the mechanical device. The sensor is interchangeably positionable in the mounting port with at least one mass insert, the at least one mass insert being adapted to be interchangeably positioned in the mounting to provide at least two different mass configurations. The method further includes determining a recommended configuration of the at least one mass insert specific to the user based on the operating data generated by the sensor, and transmitting information representative of the recommended mass insert.

Method for coupling a sensor to a piece of equipment, such as a golf club, baseball bat, or tennis racket, that ensures that the sensor is in a known position and orientation relative to the equipment. Compensates and calibrates for degrees of freedom introduced in manufacturing and installation. The method may include manufacturing a sensor receiver that aligns with equipment in a fixed orientation, and that holds a sensor housing in a fixed orientation relative to the receiver. Remaining uncertainties in sensor position and orientation may be addressed using post-installation calibration. Calibration may include performing specific calibration movements with the equipment and analyzing the sensor data collected during these calibration movements.

Method for coupling a sensor to a piece of equipment, such as a golf club, baseball bat, or tennis racket, that ensures that the sensor is in a known position and orientation relative to the equipment. Compensates and calibrates for degrees of freedom introduced in manufacturing and installation. The method may include manufacturing a sensor receiver that aligns with equipment in a fixed orientation, and that holds a sensor housing in a fixed orientation relative to the receiver. Remaining uncertainties in sensor position and orientation may be addressed using post-installation calibration. Calibration may include performing specific calibration movements with the equipment and analyzing the sensor data collected during these calibration movements.

In a first aspect, a system for monitoring a swing is provided that includes (1) a swing measurement device adapted to couple to a swinging object and to output a signal indicative of a characteristic of the swinging object; (2) a wireless transmitter coupled to the swing measurement device and adapted to wirelessly transmit the signal output by the swing measurement device; and (3) a wireless device adapted to receive the wirelessly transmitted signal and to provide information regarding the swinging object based on the received signal. The wireless device is a cellular telephone or personal digital assistant (PDA). Numerous other aspects are provided.

In a first aspect, a system for monitoring a swing is provided that includes (1) a swing measurement device adapted to couple to a swinging object and to output a signal indicative of a characteristic of the swinging object; (2) a wireless transmitter coupled to the swing measurement device and adapted to wirelessly transmit the signal output by the swing measurement device; and (3) a wireless device adapted to receive the wirelessly transmitted signal and to provide information regarding the swinging object based on the received signal. The wireless device is a cellular telephone or personal digital assistant (PDA). Numerous other aspects are provided.

A swing analyzing apparatus includes at least an angular velocity sensor, an impact detection section, an angular velocity information calculation section, and an impact state judgment section. The impact detection section detects the timing of impact in a swing of a sporting good. The angular velocity information calculation section calculates at least one of the amount of change in angular velocity with respect to a predetermined axis in a predetermined period after the impact timing and the greatest value of the angular velocity based on data outputted form the angular velocity sensor. The impact state judgment section judges the state of impact based on the result calculated by the angular velocity information calculation section.