Systems and methods for calculating launch sites for a satellite constellation are provided. A carrier aircraft may be configured to launch a first satellite into the first orbit and a second satellite into the second orbit. In some embodiments, information about an accessible range of the aircraft may be received. Based on the received information, a geographical area that the aircraft can access without landing may be calculated. Using received information and the orbit parameters of the first orbit and the second orbit, a first launch site for launching the first satellite and a second launch site for launching the second satellite may be calculated. The first launch site may comprise a first geographical position and a first launch time, and the second launch site may comprise a second geographical position and a second launch time. Both launch sites may be within the calculated geographical area.

A system for imparting linear momentum transfer may include a catching mechanism of a target space vehicle and a tether that is configured to impart a linear momentum transfer from the tether to the target space vehicle. The tether may be fixedly or detachably connected to a Kinetic Energy Storage and Transfer (KEST) vehicle that maneuvers and potentially retrieves the tether. Alternatively, the tether may be separate from the KEST vehicle and may be retrieved by a suitable retrieving mechanism, such as a robotic arm.

An engine system that produces all required thrust for an aerospace vehicle from takeoff through space operation utilizing a turbo ram rocket exhaust nozzle and M-Spike rocket consisting of airbreathing and non-airbreathing propulsion apparatuses. The airbreathing system consists of a turbine engine, a ramjet or scramjet, and the non-airbreathing system is a rocket motor. The turbine engine consists of a turbojet or turbofan configuration. The air breathing turbine, ramjet or scramjet feature an air inlet mechanism, and combustion fuel. The non-airbreathing rocket system includes separate oxidizer system, and either a separate or same source of combustion fuel as the turbine. Airflow velocities in the turbine bypass duct, and burner system, include subsonic and supersonic velocities for ramjet or scramjet operation. The rocket engine utilize either cryogenic or a non-cryogenic fuel and oxidizer system.

An apparatus includes a body having at least one pitch control system and a mounting system, the mounting system configured to couple to a payload. The apparatus also includes a rocket engine coupled to the body and configured to accelerate the body to a hypersonic speed. The apparatus further includes a control system configured to release the payload while the body moves at the hypersonic speed by commanding the at least one pitch control system to adjust an angle of attack of the body to a negative angle of attack and commanding the mounting system to release the payload while the body is moving at the hypersonic speed and at the negative angle of attack.

A launch system comprises a nose section comprising a nose coupling surface, a tail section comprising a tail coupling surface facing the nose coupling surface and a mast coupling the nose and tail sections. The mast is configured to expand and retract to displace the nose and tail sections within a range of distances from one another. In a retracted state, the nose and tail sections are either structurally coupled to one another at the nose and tail coupling surfaces or structurally coupled to at least one integrated module located between the nose and the tail sections.

This disclosure describes various techniques and systems for rapid low-cost access to suborbital and orbital space and accommodation of acceleration of sensitive payloads to space. For example, a distributed gas injection system may be used in a ram accelerator to launch multiple payloads through the atmosphere. Additionally or alternatively, multiple projectiles may assemble during flight through the atmosphere to transfer and/or resources to another projectile.

A method of propulsion includes providing a high-speed-launch ramjet boost (HSLRB) stage and HSLRB engine attached to a launch aircraft providing a speed 1.5 Mach. The HSLRB engine includes a combustion system and inlet(s) for air flow to the fuel injectors. A variable geometry (VG) nozzle having a nozzle actuator exhausts gas from combustion. A processor receives sensing signals from sensor(s) during flight that provides control signals to the nozzle actuator for dynamically controlling an aperture size of the VG nozzle, and if the inlet is a VG inlet to an inlet actuator to dynamically control the VG inlet shape. The HSLRB engine is ignited while attached to the aircraft at 1.5 to 1.99 Mach if assisting the aircraft to accelerate to 2.0 Mach, or at a speed of 2.0 Mach if the aircraft can accelerate to 2.0 Mach autonomously, then the HSLRB stage is separated from the aircraft.

A metal encapsulated ceramic tile thermal insulation system for rockets and associated methods is disclosed. A representative system includes a launch vehicle having a first end and a second end generally opposite the first end and includes a heat shield positioned at the second end. The heat shield includes a plurality of thermal protection apparatuses, where individual of the thermal protection apparatuses include ceramic tiles encapsulated by inner and outer metal layers, which are positioned on opposing top and bottom surfaces of the ceramic tiles, The plurality of thermal protection apparatuses includes a plurality of pins positioned within corresponding holes drilled through the ceramic tiles and are secured to the metal layers. The outer metal layer can protect the ceramic tile from tool strikes and debris and can also prevent water from reaching and being absorbed by the ceramic tile.

A representative spacecraft system includes a launch vehicle elongated along a launch vehicle axis and having at least one stage carrying a corresponding rocket engine. The representative system further includes an annular support structure carried by the at least one stage and positioned to support a cargo spacecraft having a service module and a cargo module. The cargo module of the cargo spacecraft is positioned along the launch vehicle axis in a direction distal from the support structure, and at least a portion of the service module of the cargo spacecraft positioned within an annulus of the support structure.

Disclosed is a non-legged reusable air-launched carrier rocket mounted on a mid-line pylon of a supersonic fighter or a bomber fuselage and its length is not limited by the front undercarriage of the carrier aircraft. The rocket body has opposite upper and lower elongated openings at the position of the front undercarriage of the carrier aircraft. When running, the upper cover and lower cover of the openings open to the rocket body to form a vertical passage, so that the front undercarriage can be normally placed down. After taking off, the upper cover and lower cover close to form a cavity in the rocket body, and the cavity is then filled with liquid from the liquid tank in the carrier aircraft. The configuration is similar to the Roton carrier rocket.