The present disclosure provides an apparatus comprising a first outer ring module and a second outer ring module configured to produce artificial gravity environments when revolved about a rotational axis. At least one circumferential access tube may connect the first and second outer ring modules. A central hub may be connected to the first and second outer ring modules via first and second radial access tubes, respectively. A microgravity module may be located coaxial with the rotational axis and connected to the central hub via a rotary union. The apparatus may enable simultaneous provision of artificial gravity and microgravity environments within a single space vehicle structure, allowing for diverse research, manufacturing, and habitation capabilities in space.

Systems and methods for operating a vehicle in an environment that requires an astronaut in the vehicle to wear a spacesuit, are presented. The vehicle may be a lunar rover or a rover to be used on Mars. An astronaut will be in a spacesuit while in the vacuum of the Moon. This vacuum or thin atmosphere will give rise to a pressure differential between the inside and the outside of the spacesuit. This pressure differential reduces the flexibility of the spacesuit, such that the joints of the spacesuit resist bending or flexing. Spacesuit stiffness is substantially reduced while an astronaut is in a pressurizable cabin of the vehicle, where the pressure differential can be reduced or eliminated. The spacesuit may provide all necessary life support while the cabin of the rover provides a cabin pressure that is substantially the same as the pressure in the spacesuit.

Systems and methods for operating a vehicle in an environment that requires an astronaut in the vehicle to wear a spacesuit, are presented. The vehicle may be a lunar rover or a rover to be used on Mars. An astronaut will be in a spacesuit while in the vacuum of the Moon. This vacuum or thin atmosphere will give rise to a pressure differential between the inside and the outside of the spacesuit. This pressure differential reduces the flexibility of the spacesuit, such that the joints of the spacesuit resist bending or flexing. Spacesuit stiffness is substantially reduced while an astronaut is in a pressurizable cabin of the vehicle, where the pressure differential can be reduced or eliminated. The spacesuit may provide all necessary life support while the cabin of the rover provides a cabin pressure that is substantially the same as the pressure in the spacesuit.

Provided herein are various enhanced assemblies and techniques for reaction apparatuses that employ leaky radio frequency (RF) conduits. In one example, an apparatus includes a substrate and a leaky RF conduit. The substrate comprises properties selected to achieve a designated interaction process with a fluid. The leaky RF conduit is configured to leak RF energy external to the RF conduit radially along its longitudinal axis via apertures in the RF conduit. The leaked RF energy energizes the substrate to affect the designated interaction process as the fluid passes through the substrate.