A multifunctional exercise apparatus for exercise of humans, in particular astronauts, said apparatus comprising a first module (1) comprising a cable reel system (2) operably connected to a torque resistance mechanism (3), and a second module (4) comprising a flywheel (5) and a brake (6) for providing resistance to the flywheel. The ability provided by the present invention for developing exercises in which the flywheel and a brake in combination with the torque resistance mechanism provides for further possibilities for training body joints and muscle groups.

A multifunctional exercise apparatus for exercise of humans, in particular astronauts, said apparatus comprising a first module (1) comprising a cable reel system (2) operably connected to a torque resistance mechanism (3), and a second module (4) comprising a flywheel (5) and a brake (6) for providing resistance to the flywheel. The ability provided by the present invention for developing exercises in which the flywheel and a brake in combination with the torque resistance mechanism provides for further possibilities for training body joints and muscle groups.

A space station includes: a core with multiple connected core pods; a ring with multiple connected ring pods; at least one shaft connecting the core and the ring, the at least one shaft including multiple connected shaft pods. The core pods are substantially identical to one another, the ring pods are substantially identical to one another, and the shaft pods are substantially identical to one another.

An extraplanetary habitat system includes a habitat located on a site including a layer of regolith material and one or more heat-generating systems located in the habitat. A heat exchanger is operably connected to the habitat. The heat exchanger is located beneath the layer of regolith material and is configured to conduct the heat from the habitat into the layer of regolith material. A method of cooling one or more heat generating components of an extraplanetary habitat includes directing a flow of fluid from the habitat to a heat exchanger located beneath a layer of regolith material, exchanging thermal energy between the flow of fluid and the regolith material, thereby cooling the volume of fluid, and directing the flow of fluid from the heat exchanger to the habitat, thus cooling the habitat.

Electro oxidation membrane evaporator 1 comprises sweep air handler 60; fluid tank 20 defining a fluid container; fluid contactor/separator 30; oxidation cell 40; and scrubber 80. Electro oxidation membrane evaporator 1 may allow higher percent water recovery from wastewater prior to delivering brine to a brine water recovery system and can allow O.sub.2 from air such as cabin air to continuously diffuse into the wastewater as O.sub.2 is consumed to generate oxidants, helping to eliminate the low oxidant environment at the end of the cycle that causes pH to remain high, and low pH prevents precipitates from forming for longer so more water can be evaporated from the wastewater.

Electro oxidation membrane evaporator 1 comprises sweep air handler 60; fluid tank 20 defining a fluid container; fluid contactor/separator 30; oxidation cell 40; and scrubber 80. Electro oxidation membrane evaporator 1 may allow higher percent water recovery from wastewater prior to delivering brine to a brine water recovery system and can allow O.sub.2 from air such as cabin air to continuously diffuse into the wastewater as O.sub.2 is consumed to generate oxidants, helping to eliminate the low oxidant environment at the end of the cycle that causes pH to remain high, and low pH prevents precipitates from forming for longer so more water can be evaporated from the wastewater.

A single-person spacecraft includes a pressurized crew enclosure, an external equipment bay, and an overhead crown assembly.

A single-person spacecraft includes a pressurized crew enclosure, an external equipment bay, and an overhead crown assembly.

A closed-loop, bioregenerative water purification system including a gravity-independent anaerobic membrane bioreactor capable of operating in the presence and absence of gravity, the bioreactor including an anaerobic bioreactor, a first membrane filtration unit, and a second membrane filtration unit, wherein the anaerobic bioreactor is configured to receive organic waste and hygiene water as inputs and break them down into constituent components using anaerobic microbes, wherein the first membrane filtration unit is configured to receive effluent output from the anaerobic bioreactor, return concentrate to the anaerobic bioreactor, and output permeate to the second membrane filtration unit, and wherein the second membrane filtration unit is configured to receive the permeate output from the first membrane filtration unit, separate biogas from the permeate, and output nutrient-rich water.

A refinery spacecraft comprises a hub section defining a longitudinal axis, an excavator segment to convey material into the hub section, first, second and third rotary ring segments rotatable about the hub section with adjustable speed and direction, each rotary ring segments comprising three modules configured to carry out refining or storage processes and wherein two of the three modules in each rotary ring segment have adjustable angular positions relative to the longitudinal axis. Methods of collecting and refining substances from an asteroid, derelict orbiting spacecraft or other space junk, can comprise attaching a refining spacecraft to an asteroid, extracting material from the asteroid, transferring material into a refining hub, transferring material to refining rings orbiting the refining hub, and controlling orbiting of the refining rings about the hub to establish and maintain angular momentum of the refining spacecraft at a stable condition.