Apparatus for feeding doses of fluidisable materials comprising one upper Intel pipe (1′, 1″), one lower outlet pipe (2′, 2″) and a Pausing (6′,6″). and a fluidising element (5′,5″) for controlling outflow of materials through the outlet pipe (2′, 2″), The apparatus further comprising a control volume constituted by a chamber (3′,3″) between the Intel pipe (1′, 8″) and the outlet pipe (2′,2″) and a fluidising element (4′, 4″) for controlling inflow of materials Into the chamber (3′, 3″). A diverter (7′,7″) la arranged between the Inlet pipe (1′, 8″) and the outlet pipe {2′, 2″) defining said chamber (3′, 3″) between said Inlet pipe (1′,8″) diverter (7′,7″) the housing (6′, 6″) and the fluidising element (5′,5″). The Invention also relates to a method for feeding doses of fluidisable materials by the apparatus.

Apparatus for feeding doses of fluidisable materials comprising one upper Intel pipe (1′, 1″), one lower outlet pipe (2′, 2″) and a Pausing (6′,6″). and a fluidising element (5′,5″) for controlling outflow of materials through the outlet pipe (2′, 2″), The apparatus further comprising a control volume constituted by a chamber (3′,3″) between the Intel pipe (1′, 8″) and the outlet pipe (2′,2″) and a fluidising element (4′, 4″) for controlling inflow of materials Into the chamber (3′, 3″). A diverter (7′,7″) la arranged between the Inlet pipe (1′, 8″) and the outlet pipe {2′, 2″) defining said chamber (3′, 3″) between said Inlet pipe (1′,8″) diverter (7′,7″) the housing (6′, 6″) and the fluidising element (5′,5″). The Invention also relates to a method for feeding doses of fluidisable materials by the apparatus.

A powder sieving system is provided. The powder sieving system includes a filter housing including a filter for separating powder into a first portion larger than a predetermined size and a second portion smaller than a predetermined size, the powder being a reactive metal powder; a network of passageways configured to move the powder through the powder sieving system, the network of passageways located upstream of the filter housing and downstream of the filter housing, the network of passageways comprising one or more carrier gas passageways for primarily transporting a carrier gas flow and one or more powder passageways for transporting a mixture flow of carrier gas and the powder; and a first sensor in communication with a portion of the powder sieving system, the first sensor configured to monitor an amount of oxygen within the network of passageways, wherein the first sensor is an optical sensor.

A powder sieving system is provided. The powder sieving system includes a filter housing including a filter for separating powder into a first portion larger than a predetermined size and a second portion smaller than a predetermined size, the powder being a reactive metal powder; a network of passageways configured to move the powder through the powder sieving system, the network of passageways located upstream of the filter housing and downstream of the filter housing, the network of passageways comprising one or more carrier gas passageways for primarily transporting a carrier gas flow and one or more powder passageways for transporting a mixture flow of carrier gas and the powder; and a first sensor in communication with a portion of the powder sieving system, the first sensor configured to monitor an amount of oxygen within the network of passageways, wherein the first sensor is an optical sensor.

Vapor phase transport systems and methods of depositing perovskite films are described. In an embodiment, a deposition method includes feeding a perovskite solution or constituent powder to a vaporizer, followed by vaporization and depositing the constituent vapor as a perovskite film. In an embodiment, a deposition system and method includes vaporizing different perovskite precursors in different vaporization zones at different temperatures, followed by mixing the vaporized precursors to form a constituent vapor, and depositing the constituent vapor as a perovskite film.

Vapor phase transport systems and methods of depositing perovskite films are described. In an embodiment, a deposition method includes feeding a perovskite solution or constituent powder to a vaporizer, followed by vaporization and depositing the constituent vapor as a perovskite film. In an embodiment, a deposition system and method includes vaporizing different perovskite precursors in different vaporization zones at different temperatures, followed by mixing the vaporized precursors to form a constituent vapor, and depositing the constituent vapor as a perovskite film.

In a method for gas-flow carrying a solid particle, the solid particle includes a solid substance generating a dissociation equilibrium reaction that dissociates at least one type of gas component, and the solid particle is carried by a gas flow containing the gas component. The average particle diameter of the solid particle is preferably 0.1-1.0 mm. The solid particle is preferably carried by the gas flow in the state of a suspended flow, a fluidized flow, or a plug flow. The solid particle preferably includes a solid substance to generate a dissociation equilibrium reaction that dissociates at least one gas component and at least one solid component, and the solid particle is preferably carried by the gas flow in a carrying pipe and the solid particle or the solid component that has adhered to the interior surface of the carrying pipe is removed by the gas flow.

In a method for gas-flow carrying a solid particle, the solid particle includes a solid substance generating a dissociation equilibrium reaction that dissociates at least one type of gas component, and the solid particle is carried by a gas flow containing the gas component. The average particle diameter of the solid particle is preferably 0.1-1.0 mm. The solid particle is preferably carried by the gas flow in the state of a suspended flow, a fluidized flow, or a plug flow. The solid particle preferably includes a solid substance to generate a dissociation equilibrium reaction that dissociates at least one gas component and at least one solid component, and the solid particle is preferably carried by the gas flow in a carrying pipe and the solid particle or the solid component that has adhered to the interior surface of the carrying pipe is removed by the gas flow.

Vapor phase transport systems and methods of depositing perovskite films are described. In an embodiment, a deposition method includes feeding a perovskite solution or constituent powder to a vaporizer, followed by vaporization and depositing the constituent vapor as a perovskite film. In an embodiment, a deposition system and method includes vaporizing different perovskite precursors in different vaporization zones at different temperatures, followed by mixing the vaporized precursors to form a constituent vapor, and depositing the constituent vapor as a perovskite film.

Vapor phase transport systems and methods of depositing perovskite films are described. In an embodiment, a deposition method includes feeding a perovskite solution or constituent powder to a vaporizer, followed by vaporization and depositing the constituent vapor as a perovskite film. In an embodiment, a deposition system and method includes vaporizing different perovskite precursors in different vaporization zones at different temperatures, followed by mixing the vaporized precursors to form a constituent vapor, and depositing the constituent vapor as a perovskite film.