A calibration determination device includes: a free roll that conveys the bonding member; a load detection device that detects a load applied to a bearing of the free roll; a tension adjustment device that winds the bonding member to increase a tension applied to the bonding member and unwinds the bonding member to reduce the tension applied to the bonding member so as to adjust the tension applied to the bonding member; and a calibration determination unit that determines whether calibration of the load detection device is necessary. The tension adjustment device unwinds the bonding member to cause the bonding member not to be subjected to the tension, and the calibration determination unit determines whether the calibration of the load detection device is necessary based on the load detected by the load detection device with the bonding member not being subjected to the tension.

Media skew correction is performed by determining a leading edge skew value for the media and selecting a respective media model from a memory for a media type, each media model including a paired slope and an intercept. Based on the paired slope and intercept for the respective media model, differential velocity of a pair of aligned media feed rollers in a media feed mechanism is adjusted to correct a trailing edge skew for the media to within a desired operational window.

A method, apparatus and program product may evaluate a packaging material to determine various metrics associated with the packaging material. A test apparatus may be used to evaluate packaging material using a take up drum capable of sensing containment force imparted upon the drum by packaging material applied thereto, and in some instances, simulated flaws may be formed in a web of packaging material to evaluate a packaging materials response to such flaws when under tension.

A method, apparatus and program product may evaluate a packaging material to determine various metrics associated with the packaging material. A test apparatus may be used to evaluate packaging material using a take up drum capable of sensing containment force imparted upon the drum by packaging material applied thereto, and in some instances, simulated flaws may be formed in a web of packaging material to evaluate a packaging materials response to such flaws when under tension.

A method, apparatus and program product may evaluate a packaging material to determine various metrics associated with the packaging material. An apparatus may be used to sense flaws in packaging material, and in some instances, to accommodate such flaws by temporarily increasing a dispense rate of a packaging material dispenser.

A page registration system may include, in an example, a media edge sensor to detect a location of an edge of a print media along a media feed path and in a direction non-parallel to the media feed path and a calibration sensor downstream of the media edge sensor to detect changes in the location of the edge of the print media in the direction non-parallel to the media feed path, and provide calibration data to the page registration system to correct changes in the location of the edge of the print media in the direction non-parallel to the media feed path.

An apparatus calibrates the optical sensor to calibrate the distance measured by the sensor with the expected distance using a calibration surface at the expected distance.

Example implementations relate to determining a correction factor that converts a measured sensor distance to a calibrated sensor distance. The measured sensor distance may be based on an amount of substrate advancement through a web printing press between detecting a mark on the substrate at a first sensor and detecting the mark at a second sensor. The calibrated sensor distance may be the separation between the first sensor and the second sensor.

A sheet conveying device, which is included in an image forming apparatus, includes a detector to detect a lateral end face of a sheet, a first pair of rollers to hold and convey the sheet and swing in a direction parallel to a plane of the sheet, a second pair of rollers to convey the sheet together with the first pair of rollers, and a controller to rotate the first pair of rollers to multiple angles, detect time changes at each angle at the lateral end face while conveying the sheet, and determine a home position corresponding to a position where respective rates of the time changes of the sheet at the first and second nip regions are substantially identical to each other or a home position having a least difference of rates of the time changes of the sheet at the first and second nip regions.

A media alignment calibration system determines a slope relating a trailing edge skew value to its paired leading edge skew value and an intercept representing native skew based on a linear regression of a predetermined number of a set of paired leading and trailing edge skew values for a media type stored in a buffer. Based on the slope and intercept, a media model for the media type is updated based on the linear regression to adjust a differential velocity of a pair of aligned media feed rollers in a media feed mechanism to correct both a future native skew and future paired leading and trailing edge skew values in the buffer to within a desired operational window.