A process and apparatus for producing syngas from low grade coal and from a biomass wherein the process includes (i) gasification of a mixture of low grade coal and biomass, (ii) reforming the gasified mixture, and (iii) removing CO.sub.2 from the gasified and reformed syngas mixture.

A method/system for sequestering carbon dioxide from cement and lime production facilities wherein carbon dioxide from flue gases originating from cement or lime production facilities is recovered and transported to a building materials production facility where it is sequestered.

A method for revamping an ammonia-urea plant wherein: the ammonia section is modernized to produce an extra amount of low pressure steam; condensation stage of the high-pressure urea synthesis loop is modified to use part of the condensation heat of the urea stripper vapours to produce medium-pressure steam, said medium-pressure steam is fed to one or more steam users of the urea section, particularly for carbamate decomposition, the input of low-pressure steam to the urea section is balanced by importing the extra low-pressure steam produced in the ammonia section.

The device for producing and treating a gas stream (F) includes an exchange enclosure (2) having at least a first discharge opening (2b) for a gas stream, means (3; 4) for supplying the enclosure with a liquid (L), means (3; 5) for discharging the liquid (L) contained in the exchange enclosure (2) and aeraulic means (6), which make it possible, during operation, to create, by means of suction or blowing, an incoming gas stream (F) coming from outside the exchange enclosure (2), so that said incoming gas stream (F) is introduced into the volume of liquid (V) contained in the exchange enclosure (2), and an outgoing gas stream (F′), treated by direct contact with said volume of liquid, rises inside the exchange enclosure and is discharged out of the exchange enclosure (2) through the discharge opening (2b).

An apparatus includes a captured carbon dioxide input. The captured carbon dioxide input is coupled to receive captured carbon dioxide from a direct air capture system. The apparatus uses the captured carbon dioxide as a low global warming refrigerant to provide cooling functionality in automotive, commercial, and industrial applications, or other operations involving low global warming refrigerants. In various embodiments, the apparatus is a refrigeration apparatus or a heat pump apparatus. Low global warming carbon dioxide refrigerant is natural, non-toxic, non-flammable, and abundant when obtained from a direct air capture system. Moreover, carbon dioxide refrigerant has a high heat transfer coefficient and has a global warming potential (GWP) of one. Carbon dioxide refrigerant is a more sustainable and efficient coolant option than common refrigerants, such as R22, R152, R404a, and R1234yf refrigerants.

A blast furnace facility includes a process for capturing and sequestering CO2 generated from the facility process, producing hydrogen from the hot blast furnace gas, and using blast furnace gas as methanol feed. The CO2 rich streams from the facility may be sent to sequestration of some form via a sequestration compressor, thereby reducing the overall emissions from the facility. The other products generated by the facility are used as methanol feedstock and to produce hydrogen.

A blast furnace facility includes a process for capturing and sequestering CO2 generated from the facility process, generating hydrogen from hot blast furnace gas, and using blast furnace gas as methanol feed. The CO2 rich streams from the facility are sent to sequestration of some form via a sequestration compressor, thereby reducing the overall emissions from the facility. The other products generated by the facility are used as methanol feedstock and to produce hydrogen.

A method for generating liquefied gas is provided. The method includes receiving air, refining the air to create refined air, performing liquefaction on refined air to form liquefied gas, and transferring at least one constituent liquefied gas of the liquefied gas to a storage tank in a lighter than air aircraft. The constituent liquefied gas(es) is configured to serve as an energy source for the lighter than air aircraft. The method may include distilling the liquefied gas to obtain liquid nitrogen and one or more other constituent gases. The liquid nitrogen may be configured to store at least 250 kilojoule per liter of energy. Additionally, the air may be refined to create refined air by compressing the air, separating water from the air, scrubbing carbon dioxide from the air, and/or filtering dust from the air. The method may be carbon-neutral or carbon-negative.

An efficient low-energy carbon dioxide removal system comprises an automated air mover equipped with sensing devices to measure flow rate, volume, level, pressure, temperature and concentration. Packing materials and air-liquid distributors are used in a multi-stage catalytic reactor. The multi-stage catalytic reactor processes ambient air and generates pure carbon dioxide gas and generates exhausted gas released to ambient air. In operation, air contacts the base solution in the presence of a catalyst via the air mover, distributor, and packing materials. The air reacts with the base solution thereby generating a base solution having carbon dioxide and generating exhaust (absorption reaction). Next, the exhaust is released from the reactor. Next, a catalyst is added, heat is applied to the base solution having carbon dioxide thereby generating carbon dioxide and generating a base solution without carbon dioxide (desorption reaction).

A gas-liquid contacting apparatus and method are described, in which at least one rotor assembly including packing is arranged in a contacting chamber containing at least one stator assembly including at least one heat exchanger arranged to thermally modulate the gas-liquid contacting so that each stator assembly is operatively arranged with each stator assembly to provide gas-liquid contacting at temperatures effective for mass exchange between the gas and liquid. The rotor and stator assemblies may be of annular shape, or may be of disk shape in a stacked array of rotor assemblies alternating with stator assemblies. Such apparatus and method are usefully employed for CO.sub.2 capture from CO.sub.2-containing flue gases such as combustion effluents from power generation plants.