To obtain deuterium in a gas state from a mixed gas of hydrogen and deuterium at a low cost.

A first electrode 11 is an electrode made of a metal allowing hydrogen (H component and D component) to permeate therethrough (hydrogen permeable metal), and the hydrogen permeable metal is Pd, for example. H ions and D ions having permeated through the first electrode 11 flow to the side of a second electrode 12 in a proton conduction layer 20. When the first electrode 11 is used as an anode and the second electrode 12 as a cathode, H ions and D ions flow in the proton conduction layer 20 from the left to the right in the drawing. In that case, hydrogen component in an input gas is more likely to flow into an atmosphere on the cathode side than deuterium component, and an H/D composition ratio accordingly becomes higher in a product gas than in the input gas. In an exhaust gas extracted after H and D components in the input gas are thus consumed, D component has been enriched.

The present disclosure relates to a membrane extraction apparatus for extracting a component from a first liquid. The apparatus may incorporate a housing comprised of first and second mating housing halves, with each housing half having an open faced channel formed therein such that the channels at least partially overlay one another when the two housing halves are secured together. A membrane filter is disposed between the two housing halves to overlay the open faced channels. The membrane filter extracts the component from the first liquid and transfers the component into the second liquid as the first and second liquids flow through the first and second housing halves.

What is disclosed is a mass selective fluid bandpass filter. This filter provides for selecting gas molecules of a specific mass from a gas sample containing molecules of two or more mass species. This filter provides a means of operation of a selecting a predetermined gas from a group of gases or an atmosphere. The mass selective fluid bandpass filter consists of quartz glass, of either natural or manmade origin. This provides method of removing a predetermined gas from the group consisting of: .sup.1H.sub.2, .sup.1H.sup.2H, .sup.2H.sub.2, .sup.1H.sup.3H, .sup.2H.sup.3H, .sup.3H.sub.2, .sup.1H.sub.2O, .sup.1H.sup.2HO, .sup.2H.sub.2O, .sup.1H.sup.3HO, .sup.2H.sup.3HO, .sup.3H.sub.2O, .sup.3He, .sup.4He, O.sub.2, O.sub.3, .sup.12CO.sub.2, .sup.13CO.sub.2, .sup.14CO.sub.2, CO, N.sub.2, NO, NO.sub.2, NO.sub.x, SiO.sub.2, FeO, Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, SiF.sub.4, HF, NH.sub.3, SO.sub.2, SO.sub.3, H.sub.2SO.sub.4, H.sub.2S, .sup.35Cl.sub.2, .sup.37Cl.sub.2, F.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, CaO, MnO, P.sub.2O.sub.5, phenols, volatile organic compounds, and peroxyacyl nitrates.

What is disclosed is a mass selective fluid bandpass filter. This filter provides for selecting gas molecules of a specific mass from a gas sample containing molecules of two or more mass species. This filter provides a means of operation of a selecting a predetermined gas from a group of gases or an atmosphere. The mass selective fluid bandpass filter consists of quartz glass, of either natural or manmade origin. This provides method of removing a predetermined gas from the group consisting of: .sup.1H.sub.2, .sup.1H.sup.2H, .sup.2H.sub.2, .sup.1H.sup.3H, .sup.2H.sup.3H, .sup.3H.sub.2, .sup.1H.sub.2O, .sup.1H.sup.2HO, .sup.2H.sub.2O, .sup.1H.sup.3HO, .sup.2H.sup.3HO, .sup.3H.sub.2O, .sup.3He, .sup.4He, O.sub.2, O.sub.3, .sup.12CO.sub.2, .sup.13CO.sub.2, .sup.14CO.sub.2, CO, N.sub.2, NO, NO.sub.2, NO.sub.x, SiO.sub.2, FeO, Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, SiF.sub.4, HF, NH.sub.3, SO.sub.2, SO.sub.3, H.sub.2SO.sub.4, H.sub.2S, .sup.35Cl.sub.2, .sup.37Cl.sub.2, F.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, CaO, MnO, P.sub.2O.sub.5, phenols, volatile organic compounds, and peroxyacyl nitrates.

The present invention relates to a method of altering the relative proportions of protons, deuterons and tritons in a sample using a membrane. The membrane comprises a 2D material and an ionomer. The invention also relates to a method of making said membranes.

The present invention relates to a method of altering the relative proportions of protons, deuterons and tritons in a sample using a membrane. The membrane comprises a 2D material and an ionomer. The invention also relates to a method of making said membranes.

Methods and systems for the separation of hydrogen isotopes from one another are described. Methods include utilization of a hydrogen isotope selective separation membrane that includes a hydrogen isotope selective layer (e.g., graphene) and a hydrogen ion conductive supporting layer. An electronic driving force encourages passage of isotopes selectively across the membrane at an elevated separation temperature to enrich the product in a selected hydrogen isotope.

Methods and systems for the separation of hydrogen isotopes from one another are described. Methods include utilization of a hydrogen isotope selective separation membrane that includes a hydrogen isotope selective layer (e.g., graphene) and a hydrogen ion conductive supporting layer. An electronic driving force encourages passage of isotopes selectively across the membrane at an elevated separation temperature to enrich the product in a selected hydrogen isotope.

Water-based compositions suitable for the hydration of a mammal, and particularly hydration of a human by oral or topical methods, and for industrial uses such as cooling, and the making of solutions and mixtures. A method for producing a beverage, an industrial process water, an industrial solvent, or topical dermatological composition includes: providing a water source, the water molecules having oxygen or hydrogen atoms of different isotopes, (i) fractionating the water source to produce a fraction enriched in water molecules having an abundance of at least one of the oxygen or hydrogen isotopes being greater or less than the abundance found in the water source, or (ii) where the water source is already enriched in heavy water, fully or partially maintaining the level of enrichment.

Methods and systems for the separation of isotopes from an aqueous stream are described as can be utilized in one embodiment to remove and recover tritium from contaminated water. Methods include counter-current flow of an aqueous stream on either side of a separation membrane. The separation membrane includes an isotope selective layer (e.g., graphene) and an ion conductive supporting layer (e.g., Nafion). An electronic driving force encourages passage of isotopes selectively across the membrane to enrich the flow in the isotopes.