A fuel supply system for an internal combustion engine includes a fuel tank and an air supply and venting device for the fuel tank. The air supply and venting device includes a hydrocarbon retention device and an air supply and venting path, structured and arranged to provide a gas exchange between the fuel tank and an environment. The hydrocarbon retention device includes at least one filter membrane that separates hydrocarbons from air. The at least one filter membrane is arranged in the air supply and venting path such that the air supply and venting path is covered by the at least one filter membrane to prevent hydrocarbons from escaping from the fuel tank into the environment through the air supply and venting path. The at least one filter membrane has hydrocarbon nanotubes.

The invention relates to a system for separating and storing molecules, atoms and/or ions from air, wherein at least one air collecting means comprises at least one collecting tank configured to receive molecules, atoms and/or ions separated from air through an inlet and at least one membrane adapted to fit in the inlet of the collecting tank and configured to let a specified pre-determined size of molecules, atoms and/or ions to pass through the at least one membrane. The system further comprises at least one storing tank for storing the separated molecules, atoms and/or ions, and at least one outlet. The system according to the invention can be used to utilize the energy present in such molecules or separate unwanted gases present in the air.

Described herein is a composite comprising a graphene material and a sulfonated polymer material. The graphene/sulfonated polymer composite is coated onto a substrate to provide a selectively permeable membrane. The selectively permeable membranes of the present disclosure provide high moisture permeability and low gas permeability.

The objective of the present invention is to provide a composite separation membrane which is excellent in not only a liquid permeable performance and a separation performance relatively but also a durability and which is particularly useful as a membrane for liquid treatment, and a method for treating a liquid by using the composite separation membrane. The composite separation membrane according to the present invention is characterized in comprising a supporting base material and a complex layer, wherein the complex layer is placed on the supporting base material, the complex layer comprises oxidized metal nanosheets, graphene oxide and an alkanolamine, and at least one of the alkanolamine is present between the oxidized metal nanosheets.

A water-permeable device. The device has a supporting layer and a water-permeable membrane. The water-permeable membrane includes graphene layers that are aligned to form interlayer hydrophobic channels between the graphene layers. The interlayer hydrophobic channels are positioned to be aligned with the direction of water permeation. Also disclosed are systems and methods for water treatment.

Embodiments described herein relate generally to durable graphene oxide membranes for fluid filtration. For example, the graphene oxide membranes can be durable under high temperatures non-neutral pH, and/or high pressures. One aspect of the present disclosure relates to a filtration apparatus comprising: a support substrate, and a graphene oxide membrane disposed on the support substrate. The graphene oxide membrane has a first lactose rejection rate of at least 50% with a first 1 wt % lactose solution at room temperature. The graphene oxide membrane has a second lactose rejection rate of at least 50% with a second 1 wt % lactose solution at room temperature after the graphene oxide membrane is contacted with a solution that is at least 80° C. for a period of time.

Systems and methods described herein may produce a modified substrate. A process for producing a modified substrate may include providing a substrate that is 5 microns or less in thickness, ion tracking the substrate, and etching the tracked substrate with an etchant to produce a plurality of pores in the substrate. In some implementations, the substrate may be a polymer. In some implementations, the ion tracking may include controlling a flux of ions passing through the substrate to achieve a desired pore density. In some implementations, the track-etching of the substrate may create a 10% or more porosity in the substrate. In some implementations, the process may further include using the track-etched substrate as a support substrate for at least one of a single-layer graphene film, multi-layer graphene film, stack of graphene films, nanostructure of graphene flakes, or nanostructure of graphene platelets.

A membrane includes a substrate having pores therethrough, and a first layer of graphene platelets supported by the substrate. The graphene platelets of the first layer at least partially fill the pores of the substrate.

Described herein is a crosslinked graphene based composite membrane that provides selective resistance to fluids solutes while providing water permeability, such as a selectively permeable membrane comprising a crosslinked graphene with a polyvinyl alcohol and silica-nanoparticle layer that can provide enhanced water separation. Also described herein are methods for making such membranes and methods of using the membranes for dehydrating or removing solutes from water.

An apparatus, comprising a film (103) comprising a network of conductive and/or semi-conductive high aspect ratio molecular structures is presented. The apparatus also comprises a frame (102) arranged to support the film (103) at least at least two support positions so that a free-standing region (101) of the film (103) extends between the at least two support positions. The two or more electrical contact areas electrically coupled to the film (103), and these electrical contact areas are arranged to pass electric charge across the free-standing region (101) of the film (103) at a current between 0.01 and 10 amperes.