A method for the low-temperature heat treatment of toluene by using a composite material having a ternary NiO nanosheet @ bimetallic CeCuO.sub.x microsheet core-shell structure. The composite material having the ternary NiO nanosheet @ bimetallic CeCuO.sub.x microsheet core-shell structure is placed in an environment containing toluene, and is heated at a low temperature to complete the treatment of toluene. The use of precious metal particles loading is avoided for the catalyst, and the costs of materials is thus greatly reduced. Moreover, nickel oxide grows on CeCuO.sub.x microsheet nanosheets. The preparation process is relatively simple, and the catalytic performance on toluene is excellent. Therefore, the method has high economical practicability and research value. The 3Ni/CeCuO.sub.x catalyst may completely catalyze toluene at 210° C., which has great research significance and certain application prospects for the actual solution of toluene polluted gas in the air environment.

Provided are a ternary composite material having a NiO nanosheet/bimetallic CeCuOx microsheet core-shell structure, and a preparation method therefor, and an application thereof. CeCuOx has a large specific surface area and high stability. A NiO/CeCuOx core-shell structured composite material catalyst is prepared by growing NiO nanosheets on the surface of CeCuOx by low-temperature hydrothermal treatment and heat treatment. The bimetallic CeCuOx microsheet shows better catalytic performance for toluene than monometallic oxides, i.e., copper oxide and cerium oxide. The further growth of the NiO nanosheets having different concentrations effectively improves catalytic activity. A 3Ni/CeCuOx catalyst can realize complete catalysis of toluene at 210° C.

Puncture elements and methods for using the same are disclosed. The puncture elements according to the disclosed concept include a cutting edge or a sharp and are composed of a mineral loaded polymer. The minerals of the mineral loaded polymer include an active agent, such as a desiccant. Optionally, the puncture elements are used to puncture a cover (e.g., foil seal) of a package.

A gas purification device includes: a converter packed with a catalyst for hydrolyzing both carbonyl sulfide and hydrogen cyanide; an upstream heat exchanger for heat exchange between a gas to be introduced into the converter and a cooling fluid for cooling the gas; a reaction-temperature estimation member for estimating a reaction temperature inside the converter; and a flow-rate adjustment member for adjusting a flow rate of the cooling fluid flowing into the upstream heat exchanger based on an estimated value of the reaction-temperature estimation member to control the reaction temperature.

A blower including a duct configured to allow air to flow in and out and a plurality of blades disposed to be parallel to the duct. Each of the blades including a first part, a second part, and an airflow generator configured to generate airflow in a direction from the inlet to the outlet by applying a voltage between the first electrode and the second electrode which are disposed between a first electrode on a side of the inlet, a second electrode on a side of the outlet, and a dielectric. In a cross section of the blade in the airflow direction when cut in a cross section perpendicular to each of the blades, the first part has a thickness decreasing in a direction toward the inlet and the second part has a thickness decreasing in a direction toward the outlet.

An oligomerization catalyst, oligomer products, methods for making and using same. The catalyst can include a supported nickel phosphate compound. The catalyst is stable at oligomerization temperatures of 500° C. or higher and particularly useful for making oligomer products containing C4 to C26 olefins having a boiling point in the range of 170° C. to 360° C.

A carbon-coated transition metal nanocomposite material includes carbon-coated transition metal particles having a core-shell structure. The shell layer of the core-shell structure is a graphitized carbon layer doped with oxygen and/or nitrogen, and the core of the core-shell structure is a transition metal nanoparticle. The nanocomposite material has a structure rich in mesopores, is an adsorption/catalyst material with excellent performance, can be used for catalyzing various hydrogenation reduction reactions, or used as a catalytic-oxidation catalyst useful for the treatment of volatile organic compounds in industrial exhaust gases.

Methods and systems are provided for emissions control of a vehicle. In one example, a catalyst may include a cerium-based support material and a transition metal catalyst loaded on the support material, the transition metal catalyst including nickel and copper, wherein nickel in the transition metal catalyst is included in a monatomic layer loaded on the support material. In some examples, limiting nickel to the monatomic layer may mitigate extensive transition metal catalyst degradation ascribed to sintering of thicker nickel washcoat layers. Further, by utilizing the cerium-based support material, side reactions involving nickel in the transition metal catalyst with other support materials may be prevented.

Puncture elements and methods for using the same are disclosed. The puncture elements according to the disclosed concept include a cutting edge or a sharp and are composed of a mineral loaded polymer. The minerals of the mineral loaded polymer include an active agent, such as a desiccant. Optionally, the puncture elements are used to puncture a cover (e.g., foil seal) of a package.

The present invention relates to catalyst compositions containing a mixed oxide catalyst of formula (I) or formula (II) as described herein, their preparation, and their use in a process for ammoxidation of various organic compounds to their corresponding nitriles and to the selective catalytic oxidation of excess NH.sub.3 present in effluent gas streams to N.sub.2 and/or NO.sub.x.