A hydrogen heating device includes: a sealed container configured to allow a hydrogen-based gas to be led in; a heat generating element provided inside the sealed container and configured to generate heat by occluding and discharging hydrogen; and a temperature adjustment unit configured to adjust a temperature of the heat generating element. The heat generating element includes a plurality of stacked bodies each including a support made of at least one of a porous body, a hydrogen permeable film, and a proton conductor, and a multilayer film supported by the support. The multilayer film has a first layer made of a hydrogen storage metal or a hydrogen storage alloy and having a thickness of less than 1000 nm, and a second layer made of a hydrogen storage metal or a hydrogen storage alloy different from the first layer, or ceramics and having a thickness of less than 1000 nm.

A process treats high temperature produced water by passing a stream to an electrocoagulation unit and then to a membrane distillation (MD) unit where the stream contacts a hydrophobic membrane on a feed side and deionized water contacts the membrane on a product side. A distilled water stream is recovered and collected with the product side stream to form a volume-depleted exit produced water stream on the feed side of the hydrophobic membrane. The exit product side stream is passed through a heat exchanger to form a stream that is returned to a location upstream of the MD unit for an additional pass through the MD unit, thereby recovering additional water. The stream can be returned multiple times to achieve high recovery and to form a final stream leaving the MD unit having a temperature from 40-60 ? C., a total oil and grease content no greater than 500 mg/L, and a suspended solids content no greater than 200 mg/L. A portion of the distilled water stream from the membrane distillation unit can be used to form a brine solution used to regenerate used ion exchange resin in a water softening system.

A process treats high temperature produced water by passing a stream to an electrocoagulation unit and then to a membrane distillation (MD) unit where the stream contacts a hydrophobic membrane on a feed side and deionized water contacts the membrane on a product side. A distilled water stream is recovered and collected with the product side stream to form a volume-depleted exit produced water stream on the feed side of the hydrophobic membrane. The exit product side stream is passed through a heat exchanger to form a stream that is returned to a location upstream of the MD unit for an additional pass through the MD unit, thereby recovering additional water. The stream can be returned multiple times to achieve high recovery and to form a final stream leaving the MD unit having a temperature from 40-60 C., a total oil and grease content no greater than 500 mg/L, and a suspended solids content no greater than 200 mg/L. A portion of the distilled water stream from the membrane distillation unit can be used to form a brine solution used to regenerate used ion exchange resin in a water softening system.

There is described a method of use of a mass exchanger. In the method the mass exchanger comprises: a first channel for accommodating flow of a liquid to be treated; and a second channel for accommodating flow of a treatment agent, the first and second channels have a permeable membrane provided between them, so as to allow transfer of selected species between the first channel and the second channel. The steps of the mass transfer method comprise passing the liquid to be treated along the first channel and introducing a mixture of liquid and gas into the second channel to provide a two-phase treatment agent. It is desirable to provide a means of adjusting the concentration of gas species in a liquid such as blood, while simultaneously controlling the temperature of the liquid and optionally adjusting the concentration of ionic and/or dissolved species in that liquid. By this method and mass exchanger providing a two-phase treatment agent, it is possible to simultaneously deliver gaseous species (e.g. oxygen) into the treated liquid, while making use of the high heat capacity of the liquid phase of the treatment agent to transfer significant heat into or from the treated liquid.

A new apparatus, system and method to purified produced water and removed valuable metals and minerals is described. The apparatus comprises a device for flowing produced water wellbore from a wellbore to the produced water purification apparatus; at least one device to remove heavy metals from the produced water; at least one brine removal device to remove brine from the produced water. The method comprises steps to use the apparatus and the system comprises a control panel that operates the at least one device for removing heavy metals and at least one sensor in a coordinated manner.

A distillation apparatus having a hot liquid block, a thermoelectric module (TEM), a condensation surface, a feed liquid chamber having a feed chamber inlet, a feed chamber outlet, and a membrane disposed on at least one side of the feed liquid chamber. One side of the membrane faces to the condensation surface. An air gap of 1 mm to 20 cm separates the condensation surface and the membrane. A permeate outlet in fluid communication with the air gap. A heating unit in fluid communication with the feed liquid chamber and the hot liquid block. A cooling unit in fluid communication with the permeate outlet. A multi-stage distillation apparatus with a plurality of distillation apparatuses. A process of distilling water, by feeding a liquid into the distillation apparatus through the hot block inlet and collecting distilled water from the permeate outlet.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are destroyed by oxidation in supercritical conditions. PFAS in water is concentrated in a reverse osmosis step and salt from the resulting solution is removed in supercritical conditions prior to destruction of PFAS in supercritical conditions.

The Thermodesalination Device has the capability of employing reverse osmosis via a specialized desalination system. This specialized desalination system is integrated into the upper portion of a steam turbine generator that separates seawater into fresh water and concentrated brine, for preferred allocation. The disclosed desalination device includes a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane comprising a solute side and a solvent side and vanes configured to strengthen a sheer of the RO membrane. The disclosure also includes a steam turbine configured to superheat a saltwater input and create a pressurized and superheated saltwater output on the solute side of the RO membrane. The disclosure yet includes a freezer configured to freeze a brine output from the solute side of the RO membrane into the shape of salt crystals.

A distillation apparatus having a hot liquid block, a thermoelectric module (TEM), a condensation surface, a feed liquid chamber having a feed chamber inlet, a feed chamber outlet, and a membrane disposed on at least one side of the feed liquid chamber. One side of the membrane faces to the condensation surface. An air gap of 1 mm to 20 cm separates the condensation surface and the membrane. A permeate outlet in fluid communication with the air gap. A heating unit in fluid communication with the feed liquid chamber and the hot liquid block. A cooling unit in fluid communication with the permeate outlet. A multi-stage distillation apparatus with a plurality of distillation apparatuses. A process of distilling water, by feeding a liquid into the distillation apparatus through the hot block inlet and collecting distilled water from the permeate outlet.

A distillation apparatus having a hot liquid block, a thermoelectric module (TEM), a condensation surface, a feed liquid chamber having a feed chamber inlet, a feed chamber outlet, and a membrane disposed on at least one side of the feed liquid chamber. One side of the membrane faces to the condensation surface. An air gap of 1 mm to 20 cm separates the condensation surface and the membrane. A permeate outlet in fluid communication with the air gap. A heating unit in fluid communication with the feed liquid chamber and the hot liquid block. A cooling unit in fluid communication with the permeate outlet. A multi-stage distillation apparatus with a plurality of distillation apparatuses. A process of distilling water, by feeding a liquid into the distillation apparatus through the hot block inlet and collecting distilled water from the permeate outlet.