A system for delivering vortex rings to an intended target includes a vortex ring generator, one or more component storage containers, and a component additive mechanism. The vortex ring generator is configured to deliver and air vortex rings. The component additive mechanism is configured to remove a component from at least one of the one or more component storage containers, generate a gas from the component, and to add the gas to a vortex ring after the vortex ring is generated by the vortex ring generator.

The present invention is a liquid material vaporizing device that heats a liquid material supplying pipe without providing a heating mechanism, the liquid material vaporizing device including: a gas-liquid mixer unit configured to mix a liquid material and a gas to generate a gas-liquid mixture; a liquid material supplying pipe configured to supply the liquid material to the gas-liquid mixer unit; a vaporizer unit configured to heat the gas-liquid mixture to vaporize the liquid material; and a casing configured to house the gas-liquid mixer unit, the vaporizer unit, and the liquid material supplying pipe, in which a channel configured to guide convection of heat from the vaporizer unit to the liquid material supplying pipe is provided inside the casing.

A mixer is disclosed for use in a reductant dosing system. The mixer may have an impingement floor located within an intended fluid injection path and generally parallel with a flow direction through the mixer. The mixer may also have a first side wall connected along a lengthwise edge of the impingement floor, a second side wall connected along an opposing lengthwise edge of the impingement floor, and a plurality of shelves extending between the first and second side walls. The plurality of shelves each may include a plurality of vanes that promote mixing of an injected fluid. One or more of the plurality of shelves may extend different distances upstream opposite the flow direction.

A heat exchange apparatus is provided with an indirect evaporative heat exchange section. The indirect evaporative heat exchange section is comprised of a series of serpentine tubes, and an evaporative liquid is passed downwardly onto the indirect heat exchange section. The evaporative liquid is collected in a sump and then pumped upwardly to be distributed again across the indirect heat exchange section. An improved heat exchange apparatus is provided with an indirect evaporative heat exchange section consisting of a series of serpentine tubes comprised of tube runs both of normal and increased height between tube runs. A direct heat exchange section may be provided in the increased vertical spacing between tube runs.

A virtual reality system that increases humidity within a virtual reality headset via at least one humidification element incorporated into the headset. The humidification element may comprise a water retaining reservoir which includes at least one evaporative surface that allows for diffusion of the water from within the reservoir.