The disclosure provides compositions comprising water and ultrafine bubbles, and optionally non-gaseous solutes. The disclosure also provides methods of making and using such compositions.

One embodiment of the present disclosure is a manufacturing method for a liquid containing fine bubbles, comprising: a generation step of generating liquid droplets containing fine bubbles by atomizing a liquid through irradiation with an ultrasonic wave; and a recovery step of recovering the liquid droplets into a recovery container by using a recovery mechanism including the recovery container.

The present invention provides positively or negatively charged nanobubbles, with the goal to clarify the effects of positively or negatively charged nanobubbles on microorganism and plant growth. The present invention also provides charged nanobubble dispersion liquid that contains 10.sup.5 to 10.sup.10 fine bubbles. The fine bubbles are dispersed in the liquid, are positively or negatively charged, have an average particle size of 10 nm to 500 nm, and have a zeta potential of 10 mV to 200 mV.

An apparatus, includes: a first raw material supply unit 110 including a filter housing 111, a supply fan 112, a flow regulator 113, an electronic valve 114, and an air supply line 115, wherein the supply fan 112 is operated to suck in external air, in the process, the HEPA filter (not shown) mounted inside the filter housing 112 filters fine dust and adjusts the air supply flow rate from the flow regulator 113 to the appropriate flow rate and supplies through the supply line 115 to the ion generator 200; a second raw material supply unit 120 including a pressure regulator 122, a flow regulator 123, an electronic valve 124, and an air supply line 125.

A bubble generating device includes a vibration plate, a first cylindrical body, a spring portion, a second cylindrical body, and a piezoelectric element. The vibration plate includes openings, a first surface in contact with a liquid in a liquid tank, and a second surface in contact with a gas. The first cylindrical body has a first end portion supporting the vibration plate. The spring portion has a plate shape and supports a second portion of the first cylindrical body. The second cylindrical body has an end portion supporting the spring portion at a position outward of a position at which the first cylindrical body is supported. The piezoelectric element causes the spring portion to vibrate and is inward of a portion of a surface of the spring portion supported by the second cylindrical body.

A fluidic oscillator includes at least one inlet port (57) in communication with at least two outlets (61) via a nozzle region and two outlet conduits (58, 62), the two outlet conduits being separated from each other by a splitter region. Each outlet conduit includes a resonance chamber (60) in fluid communication with the conduit. The resonance chambers contribute to controlling the oscillation of the device. The fluidic oscillator is operatable in an acoustic switching mode.

An aeration plate is provided, including an aeration top plate portion and a side baffle portion. The aeration top plate portion is scattered with a plurality of aeration holes, such that the aeration top plate portion and the side baffle portion cooperate to form an aeration member. A fruit and vegetable cleaning machine is provided, including a machine body. The machine body is provided with a cleaning tank with a top opening, and the cleaning tank is provided with the aeration plate at an inner bottom wall, such that an area enclosed by the aeration top plate portion, the side baffle portion, and the inner bottom wall forms a first dissolving zone for gas and water, and a second dissolving zone for bubbles and water is formed between a periphery of the aeration plate and the cleaning tank.

A substrate cleaning method, including a step of transporting a substrate after the substrate has been polished; a step of holding the substrate substantially horizontally by a substrate holding portion; a step of scrub cleaning a lower surface of the substrate while rotating the substrate; a first step of, after the step of scrub cleaning is performed, supplying a chemical solution from a first nozzle to the lower surface of the substrate while rotating the substrate; and a second step of, after the first step is performed, supplying a bubble-containing pure water from a second nozzle to the lower surface of the substrate while rotating the substrate, wherein bubbles contained in the bubble-containing pure water have bubble diameters of 1 m or more and 500 m or less.

The present disclosure relates to a system and method for treating wastewater, the method comprising the steps of: providing a vessel for receiving wastewater and a gas, wherein the gas comprises one or more constituent gas components; directing the wastewater and a first gas component of the gas to the vessel; reducing the temperature of the contents of the vessel from a first temperature to a second temperature to facilitate the formation of clathrate hydrates comprising the wastewater and the first gas component; increasing the temperature of the contents of the vessel with respect to the second temperature to facilitate melting of the clathrate hydrates; and removing clean water and/or the first gas component from the vessel.

A gasification device for gasification of a liquid medium with a gas supply, a control unit, a gas modulation unit and a bubble diffuser. The gas supply supplies a gas to the control unit, the gas modulation unit and the bubble diffuser. The control unit controls the gas volume flow or the pressure of the gas supplied to the gas modulation unit and to supply it to the gas modulation unit with a constant gas volume flow and/or a constant gas pressure. The gas modulation unit varies the gas volume flow and/or the pressure and supplies it to the liquid medium via the bubble diffuser provided with at least one opening, so that at least one bubble is formed at the opening of the bubble diffuser in the liquid medium.