Provided in one embodiment is a method of making, comprising: exposing a raw material having a first viscosity to a first pressure and a first temperature such that the raw material after the exposure has a second viscosity, wherein the raw material comprises particles comprising at least one electrically conductive material, and wherein the second viscosity is sufficiently low for the raw material to be adapted for a hydrodynamic cavitation process; and subjecting the raw material having the second viscosity to the hydrodynamic cavitation process to make a product material having a third viscosity. Apparatus employed to apply the method and the exemplary compositions made in accordance with the method are also provided.

The present disclosure relates to a system and method for treating wastewater, the method comprising the steps of: providing a vessel for receiving wastewater and a gas, wherein the gas comprises one or more constituent gas components; directing the wastewater and a first gas component of the gas to the vessel; reducing the temperature of the contents of the vessel from a first temperature to a second temperature to facilitate the formation of clathrate hydrates comprising the wastewater and the first gas component; increasing the temperature of the contents of the vessel with respect to the second temperature to facilitate melting of the clathrate hydrates; and removing clean water and/or the first gas component from the vessel.

The present disclosure relates to a system and method for treating wastewater, the method comprising the steps of: providing a vessel for receiving wastewater and a gas, wherein the gas comprises one or more constituent gas components; directing the wastewater and a first gas component of the gas to the vessel; reducing the temperature of the contents of the vessel from a first temperature to a second temperature to facilitate the formation of clathrate hydrates comprising the wastewater and the first gas component; increasing the temperature of the contents of the vessel with respect to the second temperature to facilitate melting of the clathrate hydrates; and removing clean water and/or the first gas component from the vessel.

A method for preparing the iron-based biochar material, the iron-based biochar material prepared there from and a method for controlling the heavy metal pollution in soil using the iron-based biochar material. For the iron-based biochar material of the present invention, by using a method of high-temperature carbonization, a biomass is used as a raw material and an iron-containing compound is add in the process of preparing biochar, wherein iron is incorporated in a specific ratio, to form the iron-based biochar material with a special structure and function. The material has a simple preparation process, low cost and a short production period; the prepared iron-based biochar material has an unique effect on the arsenic-cadmium combined pollution soil remediation, can effectively reduce the bioavailability of arsenic and cadmium in the soil, significantly reduces the arsenic and cadmium contents in the agricultural products planted in the arsenic-cadmium combined pollution soil, and has no toxic and side effects on the crops, is safe to apply and can be applied to the control of arsenic-cadmium combined pollution soil in a large scale.

A method for spontaneous emulsification comprising mixing (i) an aqueous phase comprising a partitioning agent which contains a partitioning anion which determines the hydrophilicity of the partitioning agent, alone or in further combination with an electrolyte, with (ii) an oil phase comprising a phase-transfer agent, wherein the phase-transfer agent creates and promotes an interfacial flux of an anion and promotes the formation of droplets at a liquid-liquid interface of the aqueous phase and oil phase; and a method for spontaneous electro-emulsification comprising generating an ionic flux across the liquid-liquid interface by applying an electrical potential.

A method for spontaneous emulsification comprising mixing (i) an aqueous phase comprising a partitioning agent which contains a partitioning anion which determines the hydrophilicity of the partitioning agent, alone or in further combination with an electrolyte, with (ii) an oil phase comprising a phase-transfer agent, wherein the phase-transfer agent creates and promotes an interfacial flux of an anion and promotes the formation of droplets at a liquid-liquid interface of the aqueous phase and oil phase; and a method for spontaneous electro-emulsification comprising generating an ionic flux across the liquid-liquid interface by applying an electrical potential.

A method for preparing stable liquid emulsion forms of plant extract is provided. A plant extract is mixed with a diluent oil as an oil mixture. Heat is applied to the oil mixture until the mixture reaches a threshold viscosity. An emulsifying agent is dispersed in water as an emulsifying solution. The oil mixture and emulsifying solution are mixed together. The mixed oil mixture and emulsifying solution are homogenized as a liquid form of the plant extract.

The disclosed invention is device for preparation of an emulsion and a method for producing an emulsion. The method comprises the steps of: (1) causing water and a water-insoluble substance that is to be emulsified to become freely miscible under conditions of temperature and pressure in the vicinity of the vapor-liquid critical point of water; and (2) cooling the product comprised of the water-insoluble substance and water solved each other in the presence of a surfactant to obtain a liquid comprised of the water-insoluble substance dispersed in water or a liquid comprised of water dispersed in the water-insoluble substance. The present invention provides a new device and a new method for producing emulsions with high efficiency without requiring a long period of processing or a great amount of energy.

A microfluidic device for forming droplets includes at least one ferrofluid reservoir disposed in the microfluidic device and containing a ferrofluid therein. The microfluidic device includes a continuous-phase reservoir disposed in the microfluidic device and containing an oil phase therein and one or more microfluidic channels connecting between the at least one ferrofluid reservoir and the continuous-phase reservoir, the continuous-phase reservoir comprising a step region having an increased height as compared to a height of the one or more microfluidic channels. To form droplets an externally applied magnetic field is applied to the device to pull the ferrofluid into the continuous-phase reservoir, whereby droplets are formed at step region.

The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for producing emulsions, and more specifically to methods that use ultrasonic rotating magnetic fields for producing emulsions. The systems and/or methods described herein can be used to produce emulsions without the use of surfactant.