Dosing and mixing exhaust gas includes directing exhaust gas towards a periphery of a mixing tube that is configured to direct the exhaust gas to flow around and through the mixing tube to effectively mix and dose exhaust gas within a relatively small area. Some mixing tubes include a slotted region and a non-slotted region. Some mixing tubes include a louvered region and a non-louvered region. Some mixing tubes are offset within a mixing region of a housing.

Dosing and mixing exhaust gas includes directing exhaust gas towards a periphery of a mixing tube that is configured to direct the exhaust gas to flow around and through the mixing tube to effectively mix and dose exhaust gas within a relatively small area. Some mixing tubes include a slotted region and a non-slotted region. Some mixing tubes include a louvered region and a non-louvered region. Some mixing tubes are offset within a mixing region of a housing.

A mixing chamber for mixing an additive in an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine, having a single-part or multi-part housing which has an entry opening for exhaust gas having a flow cross-section and having a central entry axis, and which has, arranged downstream of the entry opening, an exit opening for exhaust gas having a flow cross-section and having a central exit axis. A flow-guiding element is arranged within the housing between the two openings, wherein the flow-guiding element is tubular and forms at least one channel having a channel axis, said channel having an inlet and having an outlet, via which the entire exhaust gas stream is guided, in a flow direction parallel to the channel axis, to the outlet having an outlet cross-section, and the flow direction deviates relative to the central exit axis by an angle a of between 20 and 80. The mixing chamber is to be designed and arranged in such a way that, with a reduced overall length, an improved distribution of the mixture of exhaust gas and additive over the substrate surface is achieved and at the same time deposits of the additive are avoided. A downstream substrate is provided adjacent to the outlet in the direction of the central exit axis, the downstream substrate having a substrate cross-section that corresponds to the outlet cross-section.

A mixing chamber for mixing an additive in an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine includes a housing, a flow-guiding element and a downstream substrate. The flow-guiding element is arranged within the housing between an inlet opening and an outlet opening. The flow-guiding element is tubular and forms a channel including a channel wall, one inlet and one outlet, via which all of the exhaust gas is guided through the channel to the outlet.

The invention relates to a generator and its operation and use for generating toroidal and spatial vortices in a liquid. It comprises a rotationally symmetrical stator housing with an inlet opening and an eccentric outlet opening. It further comprises a rotor rotatably arranged in the stator housing with radially outwardly extending channels in constant fluid connection to the inlet opening. The rotor comprises a rotor disc, radially outside of the rotor with a side surface with inner notches in fluid connection to the rotor channels. The stator housing comprises a stator disc comprising a side surface with stator notches. When these notches face each other due to rotation of the rotor disc, a periodical liquid flow from the inner notches to the stator notches is formed and toroidal vortices are generated in the portioned liquid by shear stress as the portions of liquid move back and forth in the notches.