This invention discloses a reaction system for producing fatty-acid alkyl esters using liquid film reactors, with countercurrent flow scheme based on the alcoholysis of fats and oils. Reaction system comprises a descending film reactor using semi-structured packing for generating interfacial area. It is fed through the bottom with oil or fat, and with a mixture containing alcohol, glycerol and catalyst through an intermediate stage. Products are a mixture of fatty-acid alkyl esters, alcohol and catalyst and alcohol, glycerol and catalyst, exit via the top and the bottom of the reactor, respectively. Volumetric packing fraction is between 2% and 50%, reaction temperature from 25 to 180° C., molar ratio alcohol to oil between 3:1 and 10:1, and CH3OH, NaOH, KOH, or their mixtures (0.5% to 3% based on the oil mass flow rate). Conversion and yield in a single reaction step are greater than 99.7% and 99.9%, respectively.

A gas processing vessel of cylindrical shape having a cylindrical shell of the vertical axis, a gas distribution device and a first particulate material, the distribution device being fixed in the vessel next to a gas inlet or outlet orifice recessed into a lower end wall, a cover being designed to be in contact without a weld with the lower end wall and having a diameter greater than or equal to one third of the diameter of the vessel, a second particulate material with an equivalent diameter De greater than or equal to 10 mm and greater than the dimensions of the openings in the cover, and a means for centering the cover above the inlet or outlet orifice, the means being fixed to the pipe that is connected to the orifice.

An improved reactor comprising a shell and at least one reactor internal component. The reactor internal component includes a tube bundle comprising a plurality of tubes attached by at least one tube support plate comprising at least one radial strut and at least one bracket configured to secure to at least one tube of the tube bundle. The tubes are arranged in concentric bands about a longitudinal axis of the reactor. The reactor comprises a gas inlet plate, a catalyst support plate, and a top plate.

A fixed bed arrangement formed as an insert for a reactor for catalytic conversion of reaction media, in particular for catalytic methanation of a gas mixture including hydrogen and carbon dioxide, having a receiving chamber, which extends axially within an outer sleeve, and through which reaction media flows during the reactor operation for receiving a catalyst material, and a heat exchanger arrangement having a fluid flow path for a temperature control fluid, which fluid flow path is spatially separated from the receiving chamber, for removing and supplying heat from/to the process. The outer sleeve is formed by the heat exchanger arrangement, at least in regions. The fixed bed arrangement includes a reactor for the catalytic reaction of reaction media having a pressure chamber for receiving reaction media, and such a fixed bed arrangement inserted into the pressure chamber.

The present invention relates to a process for producing 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, comprising the steps: i) providing a stream A comprising at least one chlorinated compound selected from the group consisting of 2,3-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane, 1,1,1,2,3-pentachloropropane, 1,1,2,3-tetrachloropropene and 2,3,3,3-tetrachloropropene; and ii) in an adiabatic reactor comprising a fixed bed composed of an inlet and an outlet, bringing said stream A into contact, in the presence or absence of a catalyst, with HF in order to produce a stream B comprising 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, characterized in that the temperature at the inlet of the fixed bed of said adiabatic reactor is between 300° C. and 400° C. and the longitudinal temperature difference between the inlet of the fixed bed and the outlet of the fixed bed of said reactor is less than 20° C.

A reactor vessel for high temperature catalytic reactions is provided, in which the inlet portion has a particular design. A plant comprising this reactor vessel is also provided.

The present invention relates to a micro-interface strengthening reaction system and method for heavy oil hydrogenation preparation of ship fuel, including a liquid phase feed unit, a gas phase feed unit, a micro-interface generator, a fixed-bed reactor and a separation tank. The present invention may reduce the pressure during the reaction by 10-80% while ensuring the efficiency of the reaction by breaking the gas to form micro-sized micro-bubbles and making the micro-bubbles mix with heavy oil to form an emulsion to increase the area between the gas and the liquid phase and to achieve the effect of enhancing mass transfer in a lower preset range. And, the present invention greatly enhances the mass transfer, so that the gas-liquid ratio can be greatly reduced. Also, the method of the present invention has low process severity, high production safety, low product cost per ton, and strong market competitiveness.

Disclosed are methods and compact apparatus for controlled, on-demand ammonia generation from urea. The process gasifies an aqueous urea solution in a chamber utilizing hot gas while controlling the flows of aqueous urea solution and hot gas to achieve complete gasification of the aqueous urea solution and form a gas mixture comprising ammonia, isocyanic acid, carbon dioxide and water vapor, which is passed through a catalyst bed containing particulate transition metal oxide to convert substantially all of the isocyanic acid to ammonia. A catalyst support and the catalyst bed are aligned with the gasification chamber at the lower end of said chamber to provide a degree of back pressure on the gases in the gasification chamber to isolate the gasification chamber from turbulent exit effects caused by equipment downstream of the thermal reactor. A sample of the product stream is treated to remove water and ammonia, and analyze for carbon dioxide content to control the process. The apparatus to perform the process includes flow managing equipment and catalyst supports that facilitate continuous operation with accurate control.

An improved reactor comprising a shell and at least one reactor internal component. The reactor internal component includes a tube bundle comprising a plurality of tubes attached by at least one tube support plate comprising at least one radial strut and at least one bracket configured to secure to at least one tube of the tube bundle. The tubes are arranged in concentric bands about a longitudinal axis of the reactor. The reactor can also include a gas inlet plate, a catalyst support plate, and a top plate. The reactor shell can include a domed head portion with a startup nozzle connected to a reducing flange, providing a manhole access opening into the shell. Sliding strips that slide relative to the tube support plates can facilitate easier assembly, and support rings for the tubes adjacent the plates can accommodate variable thermal expansion of the tubes received in the plates.

An improved reactor comprising a shell and at least one reactor internal component. The reactor internal component includes a tube bundle comprising a plurality of tubes attached by at least one tube support plate comprising at least one radial strut and at least one bracket configured to secure to at least one tube of the tube bundle. The tubes are arranged in concentric bands about a longitudinal axis of the reactor. The reactor comprises a gas inlet plate, a catalyst support plate, and a top plate.