Systems for the catalytic activation and/or dehydrogenation of a paraffin feed stream that is enriched in C5 alkanes to produce olefins that are then hydrated in the presence of water to produce C5 alcohols. Optionally, paraffin isomers are separated and the n-paraffins isomerized prior to catalytic activation and/or dehydrogenation.

Processes and systems related to solid phase peptide synthesis are described. The processes include a flow-through process comprising cyclic addition of amino acids to a column packed with resin, wherein each cycle includes the combination of the amino acids with one or more reagents to provide an activated amino acid mixture, and wherein heating is applied to the amino acid(s) before they are passed through the column and wherein the amino acids are re-circulated at least once over the column packed with resin. Systems for such processes are also described.

The present invention relates to a plant and a process for producing propylene at least one oxygenate, comprising a reactor for converting the reactant mixture into a product mixture which comprises propylene and also aliphatic and aromatic C.sub.5+ hydrocarbons, at least one distillation column for removing a C.sub.5+ stream, the C.sub.5+ stream comprising at least 90 wt % of the aliphatic and aromatic C.sub.5+ hydrocarbons of the product mixture, an extractive distillation column for separating the C.sub.5+ stream into an aromatics stream and an aliphatics stream, the aliphatics stream comprising at least 90 wt % of the aliphatics of the C.sub.5+ stream, and the aromatics stream comprising at least 90 wt % of the aromatics of the C.sub.5+ stream, and an aliphatics recycle line for at least partial recycling of the aliphatics stream to the reactor. According to the invention, an aromatics recycle line is provided which returns the aromatics stream at least partially as extractant into the extractive distillation column.

Methods and systems for heating a reactor feed in a multi reactor hydrocarbon dehydrogenation process. The methods and systems are advantageously employed for the production of styrene by the catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. The catalytic dehydrogenation process employs heating steam operating at a steam to oil ratio of about 1.0 or less and relatively low steam superheater furnace temperature, such that all components exposed to steam in the process (outside of the fired heaters) can be constructed with standard metallurgy.

Systems and methods are provided for performing hydrocarbon reforming within a reverse flow reactor environment (or another reactor environment with flows in opposing directions) while improving management of CO.sub.2 generated during operation of the reactor. The improved management of CO.sub.2 is achieved by making one or more changes to the operation of the reverse flow reactor. The changes can include using an air separation unit to provide an oxygen source with a reduced or minimized content of nitrogen and/or operating the reactor at elevated pressure during the regeneration stage. By operating the regeneration at elevated pressure, a regeneration flue gas can be generated that is enriched in CO.sub.2 at elevated pressure. The CO.sub.2-enriched stream can include primarily water as a contaminant, which can be removed by cooling while substantially maintaining the pressure of the stream. This can facilitate subsequent recovery and use of the CO.sub.2.

The invention concerns a fluid distribution device (1) comprising: at least one inlet tube (2) comprising openings (7) and having a first and a second end (3, 4); a cap (5) comprising a principal body (6) with a lenticular shape and with a circular section elongated by a skirt (8) extending in the direction of the second end (4) towards the first end (3) of the inlet tube (2), said cap (5) having an outer surface and an inner surface, the cap being integral with the second end (4) of the tube via the inner surface and the principal body (6) being provided with a plurality of holes (10);
and in which the cap (5) comprises at least one deflection means (14) disposed on its outer surface and configured to direct or maintain the gas towards or at the periphery of said cap (5).

A method of enhancing yield and transfer rate of a packed bed in a reactor chamber of a vessel includes steps of applying acoustic energy to the packed bed, measuring impedance of the packed bed deriving a natural resonance frequency of the packed bed from the measured impedance and applying the acoustic energy to the packed bed at the derived natural resonance frequency of the packed bed.

A trickle bed reactor, comprising a plurality of catalyst beds connected in series and progressively increasing in catalyst mass in a direction from upstream to downstream; and a plurality of heat exchangers, wherein each of the heat exchangers is located between two of the plurality of catalyst beds, and wherein each of the heat exchangers does not exchange heat with an outer surface of a vessel that contains any of the catalyst beds.

The present disclosure relates to the field of reactor technologies and in particular to a solid-liquid phase reactor for preparing a powder product, which includes a vessel shell, a material-restricting partition net, a solid reactant charge opening, and a reaction solution make-up opening. The material-restricting partition net is disposed in a cavity of the vessel shell and connected to the vessel shell. The material-restricting partition net is enclosed to form a semi-closed material-restricting zone with an upward-facing opening itself or together with an inner wall of a vessel. A frame of the semi-closed material-restricting zone is rigid. The solid reactant charge opening is in communication with the facing-up opening of the semi-closed material-restricting zone, and the reaction solution make-up opening is in communication with an internal space of the semi-closed material-restricting zone.

The invention is concerned with the issue of how to produce n-pentanal by hydroformylation from feedstock mixtures comprising a small proportion of n-butene and a large proportion of n-butane. Specifically, solutions for further optimizing established processes for hydroformylation of such low-butene mixtures in terms of material utilization are sought. The present invention has for its object to enhance the material utilization of the feedstock mixture in the production of n-pentanal from feedstock mixtures having a small proportion of n-butene and a large proportion of n-butane. The process shall be capable of economic operation on an industrial scale. In particular an existing oxo plant shall be honed to achieve better raw material utilization. This object is achieved by a combination of a hydroformylation and a dehydrogenation, wherein said combination has the special feature that the dehydrogenation is arranged after the hydroformylation in the downstream direction and is thus markedly smaller than conventional dehydrogenations provided upstream. A skillful product removal effectively removes contaminants formed in the process.