A system and method is provided for upgrading a continuously flowing process stream including heavy crude oil (HCO). A reactor receives the process stream in combination with water, at an inlet temperature within a range of about 60 C. to about 200 C. The reactor includes one or more process flow tubes having a combined length of about 30 times their aggregated transverse cross-sectional dimension, and progressively heats the process stream to an outlet temperature T(max)1 within a range of between about 260 C. to about 400 C. The reactor maintains the process stream at a pressure sufficient to ensure that it remains a single phase at T(max)1. A controller selectively adjusts the rate of flow of the process stream through the reactor to maintain a total residence time of greater than about 1 minute and less than about 25 minutes.

Methods and systems are disclosed that monitor the carbon and hydrogen production of a pyrolysis reactor system and adjust one or more inputs to the reactor system to improve performance when one or both of the monitored carbon and hydrogen production falls outside of a target performance specification. In particular, the ratio of fuel to oxidant (fuel/oxidant ratio) supplied to a combustion chamber of the reactor system is adjusted to below a fuel/oxidant equivalence ratio range, defined as 0.9-1.1, when both carbon and hydrogen production falls below a target carbon and hydrogen specification, and adjusted above the fuel/oxidant equivalence ratio range when only the carbon production falls below a target carbon specification. The target specification can include a number of parameters including production rate, morphology (of carbon), and operating temperature.

A method and apparatus are provided for processing hydrocarbon coal slurry feeds. The method and apparatus enhance the conversion of the coal feeds into useful conversion products, such as high melting and high carbon containing pitch products. In particular, the present techniques utilize a specially designed self-cleaning and wall-catalyzed preheater-reactor systems.

A process for re-refining used lubricating oil (ULO), much of which is used motor oil (UMO) relies on more rapid heating, turbulent flows, higher peak temperatures, to achieve rapid thermal cracking, even including metal-bearing additives without catalysts, compared to conventional refining of crude oil and conventional recycling processing of UMO. By thermally cracking this way and scrubbing with recycled, processed liquids from the flow stream, a process readily removes metal-bearing hydrocarbons in typical lubricating oil additives. Those bonded metals consigned to heavy fraction bottoms, are commonly non-removable by other recycling schemes. Long chain polymers including paraffins are broken into lighter hydrocarbons with properties typical of fuels containing olefins, naphthenes, and the like. Data and analysis reveal low solids, effective metal removal, comparatively low viscosity and boiling points, and greatly reduced sulfur content in fuel and oil products resulting.

In an apparatus comprising a chamber (3) of a reactor drops (8) of a to be converted liquid are generated by a nozzle (2) positioned in a space (7) separate from the chamber (3). The drops (8) make a free fall thought the space 7 and enter via an opening (7a) the chamber (3) where they fall onto an evaporator body (9) for evaporation, the evaporated liquid leaves a solid deposit (1), A gaseous reactant line (11) supplies a reactant gas for conversion of the solid deposit (1) on the surface of the evaporator body.

This application relates to a heat transfer tube, its method of manufacture and its use for thermal cracking hydrocarbon feeds, such as thermal cracking in furnaces. The heat transfer tube comprises a chromium and aluminum carburization-resistant alloy capable of generating a typically continuous aluminum oxide scale under thermal cracking conditions that reduces coking and thereby enhances heat transfer. The carburization-resistant alloy comprises 25.1 to 55.0 wt. % nickel; 18.1 to 23.9 wt. % chromium; 4.1 to 7.0 wt. % aluminum; and iron. Additionally, the carburization-resistant alloy has at least one strengthening mechanism to provide desirable mechanical properties. The carburization-resistant alloy composition is also resistant to the formation of cracks during centrifugal casting.

This disclosure relates to weldments useful as heat transfer tubes in refinery processes dealing with gas phase hydrocarbon process streams at high temperatures. This disclosure also relates to tubes that are useful in refinery processes dealing with gas phase hydrocarbon process streams at high temperatures. The weldments include a tubular member and at least one mixing element. The tubular member comprises an aluminum-containing alloy. The mixing element comprises an aluminum-containing alloy. The mixing element's aluminum-containing alloy can be the same as or different from the tubular member's aluminum-containing alloy. Other aspects of the disclosure relate to refinery processes dealing with gas phase hydrocarbon process streams at high temperatures which include such weldments.

The present invention provides adiabatic plug flow reactors suitable for the production of chlorinated and/or fluorinated propene and higher alkenes from the reaction of chlorinated and/or fluorinated alkanes and chlorinated and/or fluorinated alkenes. The reactors comprise one or more designs that minimize the production of by-products at a desired conversion.

A reactor system for high temperature reactions of reactants includes at least one reactant containing carbon. The reactor includes a reactor, a liquid media disposed within the reactor, and a solid carbon reaction product. The liquid media does not react irreversibly with the reactant to form products, and the liquid media wets at least a portion of a surface within the reactor. The solid carbon reaction product does not contact at least the portion of the surface within the reactor where the liquid media wets the portion of the surface within the reactor.

The invention provides a solution to the problem of transfecting non-adherent cells. Devices and delivery compositions containing ethanol and an isotonic salt solution are used for delivery of compounds and compositions to non-adherent cells.