Materials, such as biomass feedstocks (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) are processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. Conveying systems, such as flowing gas conveying systems and such as closed-loop flowing gas conveying systems are described.

To cure, with light irradiation, photocurable resin or electron beam-curable resin not containing a photopolymerization initiator.

Under an atmosphere equal to or lower than predetermined oxygen concentration for not causing oxygen inhibition to polymerization of photocurable resin or electron beam-curable resin, an ultraviolet ray in wavelength region corresponding to a light absorption characteristic of the photocurable resin or the electron beam-curable resin is irradiated on the photocurable resin or the electron beam-curable resin to polymerize the photocurable resin or the electron beam-curable resin. After an ultraviolet ray is irradiated on the photocurable resin or the electron beam-curable resin to polymerize at least a surface layer, an electron beam is irradiated on the photocurable resin or the electron beam-curable resin to polymerize a deep part, and the entire photocurable resin or the entire electron beam-curable resin is cured.

The present invention relates to a method for preparing a non-acid-treated eco friendly cellulose nanocrystal and the cellulose nanocrystals prepared by the same. The methods for preparing the non-acid-treated cellulose nanocrystal and extracting the cellulose nanocrystal from cellulosic materials of the present invention are eco-friendly methods, compared with the conventional preparation method for cellulose nanocrystal based on acid-hydrolysis; are efficient due to the total energy saving process; are easy to utilize side products; and are characterized by high yield to produce the target cellulose nanocrystal. The nanocrystal prepared according to the present invention exhibits equivalent or higher aspect ratio, yield and crystallinity than the cellulose nanocrystal prepared through acid hydrolysis, and has remarkably excellent thermal stability, so that it can be effectively used for the production of membranes, electrical and electronic parts, substrates, heat insulating materials, and reinforcing materials required for durability against heat.

A process for converting light alkanes from a natural gas production stream to higher molecular weight hydrocarbons is provided. The method includes transporting the natural gas stream to an electron beam reactor, such as a steel flow-type radiation reactor connected hermetically to an accelerator beam window. The gas stream is exposed to electron beam radiation to generate an upgraded and substantially liquefied hydrocarbon stream. The method then includes transporting the substantially liquefied hydrocarbon stream into a scrubber to remove non-condensed gases. The remaining liquid hydrocarbon stream is then transported as condensate to a distillation tower, where high octane products are separated through fractionation.

Materials (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) are processed to produce useful intermediates and products, such as energy, fuels, foods or materials. For example, systems equipment, and methods are described that can be used to treat feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials, using an array of vaults.

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful intermediates and products, such as energy, fuels, foods or materials. For example, systems and methods are described that can be used to treat feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials, in a vault in which the equipment is protected from radiation and hazardous gases by equipment enclosures. The equipment enclosures may be purged with gas.

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful intermediates and products, such as energy, fuels, foods or materials. For example, systems and methods are described that can be used to treat feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials, while cooling equipment and the biomass to prevent overheating and possible distortion and/or degradation. The biomass is conveyed by a conveyor, which conveys the biomass under an electron beam from an electron beam accelerator. The conveyor can be cooled with cooling fluid. The conveyor can also vibrate to facilitate exposure to the electron beam. The conveyor can be configured as a trough that can be optionally cooled.

The present disclosure relates to methods and reactors for generating of gas and specifically for generation of oxygen gas and hydrogen gas.

Methods for forming melt processable, actinic radiation polymerizable and crosslinkable adhesives are described. In certain versions, the adhesives or pre-adhesive compositions include two initiators and are polymerized and/or crosslinked by exposure to actinic radiation such as UV light or electron beam radiation. Also described are pre-adhesive compositions including polymerizable monomers, articles including the adhesives, and various methods and systems related to the adhesives and their application. In addition, various apparatuses are described for polymerizing or crosslinking the compositions.

Methods for forming melt processable, actinic radiation polymerizable and crosslinkable adhesives are described. In certain versions, the adhesives or pre-adhesive compositions include two initiators and are polymerized and/or crosslinked by exposure to actinic radiation such as UV light or electron beam radiation. Also described are pre-adhesive compositions including polymerizable monomers, articles including the adhesives, and various methods and systems related to the adhesives and their application. In addition, various apparatuses are described for polymerizing or crosslinking the compositions.