Nanotube filaments comprising carbon, boron and nitrogen of the general formula B.sub.xC.sub.yN.sub.z, having high-aspect ratio and high-crystallinity produced by a pressurized vapor/condenser method and a process of production. The process comprises thermally exciting a boron-containing target in a chamber containing a carbon source and nitrogen at a pressure which is elevated above atmospheric pressure.

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials and/or starchy or sugary materials, to produce ethanol and/or butanol, e.g., by fermentation.

Methods for the photoreduction of molecules are provided, the methods comprising illuminating an amino-terminated diamond surface comprising amino groups covalently bound to the surface of diamond with light comprising a wavelength sufficient to excite an electronic transition defined by the energy band structure of the amino-terminated diamond, thereby inducing the emission of electrons from the amino-terminated diamond surface into a sample comprising molecules to be reduced, wherein the emitted electrons induce the reduction of the molecules to form a reduction product; and collecting the reduction product.

The invention relates to a chemical conversion process and to a process for removing particles from a reaction mixture. The chemical conversion process of the invention includes plasmonic heating of a reaction mixture having at least a one component and plasmonic particles, by exposing the reaction mixture to light having one or more wavelengths which are absorbed by at least part of the plasmonic particles, thereby controlling the reaction rate of one or more chemical reactions.

A system and method are provided for the separation of hydrogen from natural gas feedstock to form hydrocarbon radicals. Aspects of the system include perpendicular magnetic and electric fields, a method of radical formation that separates hydrogen from the reaction process, and a separation method based on centrifugal forces and phase transitions. The gases rotate in the chamber due to the Lorentz force without any mechanical motion. Rotation separates gases and liquids by centrifugal force. The lighter species are collected from the mid region endpoint of the apparatus and fed back for further reaction. A new concept of controlled turbulence is introduced to mix various species. A novel magnetic field device is introduced comprised of two specially magnetized cylinders. A novel control of temperatures, pressures, electron densities and profiles by, RF, microwaves, UV and rotation frequency are possible especially when atomic, molecular, cyclotron resonances are taken into account. The electrodes can be coated with catalysts; the entire apparatus can be used as a new type of chemical reactor.

A composition that switches from a hydrophilic state into a hydrophobic state upon exposure to heat and/or light includes graphite oxide and an infrared absorbing compound.

Provided is a continuous synthesis method for 1,1-bicyclic[1.1.1]pentane-1,3-diethyl ketone compounds. The continuous synthesis method comprises: under the irradiation of a light source, continuously conveying raw material A and raw material B to a continuous reaction device for a continuous photochemical reaction to obtain 1,1-bicyclic[1.1.1]pentane-1,3-diethyl ketone compounds, and controlling the reaction temperature in the continuous reaction device by a temperature control device during the continuous photochemical reaction. A propellane with substituents, as a reaction raw material, is subjected to the above photochemical reaction in the continuous reaction device to reduce the probability of its slow decomposition and deterioration under the irradiation, and greatly improve the conversion rate of the reaction material and product yield.

The present disclosure relates to a method and an apparatus for manufacturing a core-shell catalyst, and more particularly, to a method and an apparatus for manufacturing a core-shell catalyst, in which a particle in the form of a core-shell in which the metal nanoparticle is coated with platinum is manufactured by substituting copper and platinum through a method of manufacturing a metal nanoparticle by emitting a laser beam to a metal ingot, and providing a particular electric potential value, and as a result, it is possible to continuously produce nanoscale uniform core-shell catalysts in large quantities.

Disclosed herein is a process for the synthesis of carbon and carbon based nanocomposites comprising Laser-induced Dissociative Stitching (LDS) from liquid halogen containing aromatic compounds at room temperature.

Methods, devices, and systems are described for a system including a concentrated light source configured to focus light energy along a line of focus and a moving platform configured to face the concentrated light source and suspend a reactants mixture. The system also includes a controller coupled to the concentrated light source and the moving platform. The controller is configured to drive the moving platform at a first speed and a second speed. Suspending the reactants mixture within the line of focus of the concentrated light source as the moving platform is driven at the first speed converts the reactants mixture to slag. Suspending the reactants mixture as the moving platform is driven at the second speed does not convert the reactants mixture to slag.