A reformer tube for producing synthesis gas by steam reforming of hydrocarbon-containing feed gases, in which a structured stream reforming catalyst is used, is proposed. According to the invention, a heat exchanger tube is arranged in the interior of the structured catalyst, with the feed gas stream flowing firstly through the structured catalyst and subsequently in countercurrent through the heat exchanger tube. This improves the heat exchange between the synthesis gas product stream and the structured catalyst and the feed gas stream flowing through it, especially in the radial direction.

Method of removing cobalt deposits in a reactor for the cobalt-catalyzed high-pressure hydroformylation of olefins by treatment with aqueous nitric acid, wherein the reactor is at least partly filled with aqueous nitric acid and the temperature of the aqueous nitric acid is increased during the treatment.

Designs for electrically heated reactors are disclosed. In one embodiment, a cylindrical reactor design to provide high temperature heat for an endothermic steam methane reformer without combustion includes: a cylindrical shell, one or more parallel internal cylindrical return tubes, baffles perpendicular to the axis of the shell, electrical heating elements disposed parallel to the shell axis and arranged in one or more rings extending through one or more baffles, and fitted with annular gas entrance and cylindrical gas outlet plena attached to one end of the device.

Proposed is a cylindrical reactor (1) having a vertical longitudinal axis for continuous hydroformylation of a C.sub.6-C.sub.20-olefin or a mixture of C.sub.6-C.sub.20-olefins with synthesis gas in the presence of a homogeneously dissolved metal carbonyl complex catalyst, having a multiplicity of Field tubes (2) which are oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of the reactor (1) and welded into a tube plate at the upper end of the reactor (1), having a circulation tube (3) open at both ends which envelops the Field tubes (2) and at its lower end projects beyond said tubes, having a jet nozzle (4) at the bottom of the reactor (1) for injecting the reactant mixture comprising the C.sub.6-C.sub.20-olefin, the synthesis gas and the metal carbonyl complex catalyst, wherein the Field tubes (2) are configured in terms of their number and their dimensions such that the total heat exchanger area of said tubes per unit internal volume of the reactor is in the range from 1 m.sup.2/m.sup.3 to 11 m.sup.2/m.sup.3 and the cross sectional area occupied by the Field tubes (2) per unit cross sectional area of the circulation tube (3) is in the range from 0.03 m.sup.2/m.sup.2 to 0.30 m.sup.2/m.sup.2, a gas distributor ring (5) is provided at the lower end of the circulation tube (3), at the inner wall thereof, via which a substream of the synthesis gas is feedable, and wherein one or more distributor trays (6) are provided in the circulation tube (3).

A method and apparatus for managing variable, multi-phase fluid conversion to output fuel and energy for providing customizable management for processing a volume of natural gas including a volume of methane and a volume of other alkanes that may be cleaned of the other alkanes using a conversion system to create synthesis gas and other fuel products to be used in onsite or combined heat and power or cogeneration applications. In particular, the method, system and apparatus provide for automated feedback and control directing various gas constituents to different application units with allocations according to settings system parameters to quickly and efficiently meet demand for various products while making adjustments in real time.

One or more embodiments relate to a contactor/separator vessel for reacting with fine particles. The contractor/separator vessel includes a spouted bed containing fine Geldart class C particles; and an additional spoutable media to facilitate spouting of the fine Geldart class C particles in order to improve mixing, gas-solid contact/separation.

Provided herein are systems, and methods of using such systems, for producing superabsorbent polymers from ethylene oxide and carbon monoxide. The production systems have various unit operations, including, for example, a -propiolactone production system configured to produce -propiolactone from ethylene oxide and carbon monoxide and a superabsorbent polymer production system configured to produce superabsorbent polymers from -propio lactone and/or acrylic acid.

Combined apparatus (1) for the synthesis of urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide, comprising an internal wall (3) which delimits two coaxial zones (4) inside the apparatus, operating respectively as reaction (4) and condensation (5) zones, and optionally also comprising a stripping zone and/or a scrubber integrated in the same apparatus.

Proposed is a cylindrical reactor (1) having a vertical longitudinal axis for continuous hydroformylation of a C.sub.6-C.sub.20-olefin or a mixture of C.sub.6-C.sub.20-olefins with synthesis gas in the presence of a homogeneously dissolved metal carbonyl complex catalyst, having a multiplicity of Field tubes (2) which are oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of the reactor (1) and welded into a tube plate at the upper end of the reactor (1), having a circulation tube (3) open at both ends which envelops the Field tubes (2) and at its lower end projects beyond said tubes, having a jet nozzle (4) at the bottom of the reactor (1) for injecting the reactant mixture comprising the C.sub.6-C.sub.20-olefin, the synthesis gas and the metal carbonyl complex catalyst, wherein the Field tubes (2) are configured in terms of their number and their dimensions such that the total heat exchanger area of said tubes per unit internal volume of the reactor is in the range from 1 m.sup.2/m.sup.3 to 11 m.sup.2/m.sup.3 and the cross sectional area occupied by the Field tubes (2) per unit cross sectional area of the circulation tube (3) is in the range from 0.03 m.sup.2/m.sup.2 to 0.30 m.sup.2/m.sup.2, a gas distributor ring (5) is provided at the lower end of the circulation tube (3), at the inner wall thereof, via which a substream of the synthesis gas is feedable, and wherein one or more distributor trays (6) are provided in the circulation tube (3).

Methods for controlling the productivity of an olefin polymer in a polymerization reactor system using a halogenated hydrocarbon compound are disclosed. The productivity of the polymer can be increased via the addition of the halogenated hydrocarbon compound.