Ammonia is made in a system that includes a conversion reactor for performing a Haber-Bosch process. Effluent streams from the conversion reactor, which include an ammonia component and excess hydrogen and nitrogen reactants, are fed to a membrane separator that includes NaA zeolite membranes disposed on one or more hollow porous supports. The NaA zeolite membranes are highly selective for the ammonia component, allowing the ammonia to be collected from a lumen of the membranes as a product and enriching the excess hydrogen and nitrogen reactants for reuse in the conversion reactor. These systems and the methods of their use are effective to replace and/or modify the energy-intensive condensation/recycling steps in the traditional Haber-Bosch process used to condense NH3 from the exiting stream of the reactor. The selective removal of ammonia by high quality NaA membranes helps to shift the ammonia evolution reaction.

Disclosed is an external circulating slurry reactive crystallizer, including a riser, a degassing zone and a downcomer. A lower end of the riser is communicated with a gas inlet pipe, a liquid inlet pipe and a solid feeding pipe, while an upper end of the riser is communicated with a lower end of the degassing zone. An upper end of the downcomer is integrally fixed to a sidewall of the degassing zone. At least one hydrocyclone is arranged at a lower end of the downcomer. The hydrocyclone is provided with an overflow port at an upper end thereof and an underflow port and a valve at a lower end thereof. The overflow port is communicated with the riser. The crystallizer can simultaneously realize reaction, crystallization and separation for continuous production with low cost, regulating and controlling the particle size distribution and morphology of crystals.

A supercritical water oxidation vortex reactor has a reactor shell configured to contain a pressurized and heated material including water, a burner assembly configured to create a supercritical core region in the material in the reactor shell, the supercritical core region including water above its critical point, an injector assembly configured to inject into the enclosed volume a subcritical wash stream including water below its critical point and an aspirator arranged in the enclosed volume and configured to remove a processed flow including purified water from an upper portion of the supercritical core region. The supercritical water oxidation vortex reactor is configured with an upward helical flow to transfer precipitated ionic compounds out of the supercritical core region, through a transcritical intermediate region, and into the subcritical wash stream where they re-dissolve.

The invention relates to an integrated method for thermal conversion and indirect combustion of a heavy hydrocarbon feedstock in a redox chemical loop for producing hydrocarbon streams. The heavy hydrocarbon feedstock (1) is brought into contact with inert particles (2) in a thermal conversion zone (100). Thermal conversion in the absence of hydrogen, water vapour and a catalyst produces a first gaseous effluent of hydrocarbon compounds (4) and coke, which effluent is deposited on the inert particles (5). The latter is then burned in a redox chemical loop (200) in the presence of oxygen-carrying solid particles (6). The inert particles thus flow between the thermal conversion zone (100) and a reduction zone (300) of the chemical loop while the oxygen-carrying solid particles flow between the oxidation (400) and reduction zones (300) of the chemical loop.

Reactor systems, reactor coolant systems, and associated processes for polymerizing polyolefins are described. The reactor systems generally include a reactor pipe and a coolant system, in which the coolant system includes a jacket pipe surrounding at least a portion of the reactor pipe to form an annulus therebetween, at least one spacer coupling the jacket to the reactor pipe, and a coolant which flows through the annulus to remove heat from the reactor pipe. At least one of the external surface of the reactor pipe, the internal surface of the jacket, and at least one spacer, are independently modified, for example by polishing, coating, or reshaping, to reduce the fluid resistance of the coolant flow through the annulus.

The present disclosure provides methods and systems for introducing an activator to a polymerization reactor. The methods may include introducing liquid activator to a mixing vessel or an inline mixer and mixing aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent to form an activator solution which is introduced to a polymerization reactor. The systems may include a storage vessel, a mixing vessel or inline mixer configured to mix a liquid activator with a hydrocarbon solvent, and a polymerization reactor. The present disclosure also provides a process for producing a polyolefin. The process may include introducing liquid activator to an inline mixer and mixing an aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent with the liquid activator to form an activator solution. The process may include introducing the activator solution, a catalyst, and an olefin feed to a polymerization reactor.

A system and a method for methanol production is described. The method includes gasifying coal to produce a coal gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide; transferring heat from the coal gas to a natural gas reforming mixture including water and methane; reforming the natural gas reforming mixture to form a reformed natural gas; mixing the coal gas, the reformed natural gas, and a recycled gas including hydrogen and carbon monoxide to form a synthesis gas; reacting the synthesis gas to form methanol and a waste gas; separating the methanol and the waste gas; removing hydrogen from the waste gas to produce a dehydrogenated waste gas; and subjecting the dehydrogenated waste gas to a water-gas shift reaction to produce the recycled gas.

This disclosure relates to improved methods for alkali metal cyanide production, particularly to improved methods for sodium cyanide production. The improved method of producing sodium cyanide involves the step of contacting hydrogen cyanide with an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate or of a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate to produce a sodium cyanide solution.

The present invention relates to processes and apparatus useful for (fast) ionic polymerisation of liquid monomer(s) containing reaction mixture for the production of the corresponding polymer(s).

Reactor systems, reactor coolant systems, and associated processes for polymerizing polyolefins are described. The reactor systems generally include a reactor pipe and a coolant system, in which the coolant system includes a jacket pipe surrounding at least a portion of the reactor pipe to form an annulus therebetween, at least one spacer coupling the jacket to the reactor pipe, and a coolant which flows through the annulus to remove heat from the reactor pipe. At least one of the external surface of the reactor pipe, the internal surface of the jacket, and at least one spacer, are independently modified, for example by polishing, coating, or reshaping, to reduce the fluid resistance of the coolant flow through the annulus.