Microorganisms present within a plurality of microorganism clusters immobilized in a porous support material may collectively define a supported bio-catalyst. When the microorganisms are effective to convert methane into one or more oxidized carbon compounds (e.g., methanotrophic bacteria), the supported bio-catalysts may be utilized to remove methane from methane-containing gas streams, such as those obtained from mining ventilation. Methods for processing a methane-containing gas stream may comprise interacting the gas stream with the supported bio-catalyst in substantial absence of a liquid phase, and obtaining a methane-depleted gas stream downstream from the supported bio-catalyst. Systems for processing a methane-containing gas stream may comprise the supported bio-catalysts housed in one or more vessels fluidly coupled to a source of methane-containing gas stream. A gas concentration in the methane-containing gas stream and/or the methane-depleted gas stream may be used to determine a current state or anticipated remaining lifetime of the supported bio-catalyst.

A reaction system for preparing polymer polyol and a method for preparing polymer polyol. The reaction system comprises a reactor, a first circulation unit, a second circulation unit, and a flow direction switching unit, wherein the reaction cavity of the reactor is divided into a first reaction chamber and a second reaction chamber by a partition plate, and the top of the partition plate is provided with an overflow port to communicate the first reaction chamber and the second reaction chamber with each other; the first circulation unit enables the material in the first reaction chamber to circulate between the discharge port of the first reaction chamber and the feed port of the first reaction chamber; the second circulation unit enables the material in the second reaction chamber to circulate between the discharge port of the second reaction chamber and the feed port of the second reaction chamber. The polymer polyol prepared by the reaction system has a low-viscosity effect, and by using the polymer polyol prepared by the method, a polyurethane foam having excellent mechanical properties and high hardness can be obtained.

A hydrocarbon production system capable of efficiently producing hydrocarbon containing a high-calorie gas by securing hydrogen and carbon monoxide required for hydrocarbon synthesis using water and carbon dioxide as raw materials is obtained. The hydrocarbon production system includes an electrolytic reaction unit that converts water and carbon dioxide into hydrogen and carbon monoxide through an electrolytic reaction, a catalytic reaction unit that converts a product generated by the electrolytic reaction unit into hydrocarbon through a catalytic reaction, and branch paths and that branch a portion of an outlet component of the catalytic reaction unit.

Removal of solids accumulations that are attached to an inlet tube sheet of a heat exchanger in a hydrogenation reactor system by injecting a flush liquid through an injection port on the heat exchanger. Injecting the flush liquid removes portions of the solids accumulations.

Systems and methods are provided for performing hydrocarbon reforming within a reverse flow reactor environment (or another reactor environment with flows in opposing directions) while improving management of CO.sub.2 generated during operation of the reactor. The improved management of CO.sub.2 is achieved by making one or more changes to the operation of the reverse flow reactor. The changes can include using an air separation unit to provide an oxygen source with a reduced or minimized content of nitrogen and/or operating the reactor at elevated pressure during the regeneration stage. By operating the regeneration at elevated pressure, a regeneration flue gas can be generated that is enriched in CO.sub.2 at elevated pressure. The CO.sub.2-enriched stream can include primarily water as a contaminant, which can be removed by cooling while substantially maintaining the pressure of the stream. This can facilitate subsequent recovery and use of the CO.sub.2.

Fluidic systems and methods in which oscillatory flow is employed are generally described. In some instances, one or more solenoids are used to drive the oscillation of a magnetically-susceptible body which creates oscillatory flow of a fluid in a fluidic channel in fluid communication with a channel containing the magnetically-susceptible body.

This invention provides producing having an objective ketone and/or alcohol by decomposing of a hydrocarbon compound rapidly and selectively having a same number of carbon atoms as a hydrocarbon compound by decomposing a hydroperoxide in a reaction solution obtained from oxidizing the hydrocarbon compound using molecular oxygen of this invention involves, a hydroperoxide decomposition step for decomposing the hydroperoxide into the ketone and/or alcohol by contacting the reaction solution with an aqueous solution containing a carbonate of an alkaline earth metal or a carbonate of an alkali metal and a transition metal compound, a separation step for separating into an oil phase comprising the ketone and/or alcohol, and a water phase comprising the carbonate of an alkaline earth metal or carbonate of an alkali metal and the transition metal compound, a recovery step for recovering the carbonate of an alkali metal or carbonate of an alkaline earth metal and the transition metal compound by combusting the water phase, and a recycling step for recycling to the hydroperoxide decomposition step by dissolving at least the carbonate of the alkali metal or the carbonate of the alkaline earth metal among the recovered substances obtained from the recovery step in water.

The present invention relates to a process for producing butadiene from ethanol, in two reaction steps, comprising a step a) of converting ethanol into acetaldehyde and a step b) of conversion into butadiene, said step b) simultaneously implementing a reaction step and a regeneration step in (n+n/2) fixed-bed reactors, n being equal to 2 or a multiple thereof, comprising a catalyst, said regeneration step comprising four successive regeneration phases, said step b) also implementing a regeneration loop for the inert gas and at least one regeneration loop for the gas streams comprising oxygen.

Disclosed herein are a method and systems for cumene hydroperoxide cleavage with an improved configuration for online instrumentation. The systems comprise a first fluid loop comprising one or more reactors and a fluid pump and a second fluid loop in fluid communication with the first fluid loop. This second fluid loop comprises an instrument configured to measure a characteristic of a fluid flowing through the second loop, wherein an input of the second fluid loop is disposed downstream of said fluid pump and an output of the second fluid loop is disposed upstream of said fluid pump. The method comprises causing fluid to flow within a first stage comprising one or more reactors and a fluid pump, wherein the first stage is configured to decompose a cumene hydroperoxide in the presence of a catalyst mixture to form a dicumyl peroxide mixture. The method also comprises causing at least a portion of the fluid to flow through a instrumentation line in open fluid communication with the first stage. This instrumentation line comprises an instrument configured to measure a characteristic of the fluid flowing through the instrumentation line and an input of the instrument line is disposed downstream of said fluid pump.

A method for washing an oligomerization reactor using by-product solvent recovered from the reactor can include: catalytically converting a monomer in a reactor section in a reaction mode in the presence of a catalyst to form a product stream comprising an oligomer, a by-product solvent, and a polymeric by-product; separating the product stream into a first fraction comprising the oligomer and a second fraction comprising a mixture of the by-product solvent and the polymeric by-product; and separating, in a thin film evaporator, the second fraction into a third fraction comprising the by-product solvent and a fourth fraction comprising the polymeric by-product.