A method uses mild fluorinating agents, such as hydrofluorocarbons—HCFs, perfluorocarbons—PFCs, hydrochlorofluorocarbons HCFCs and chlorofluorocarbons—CFCs, to fine-tune the fluorination process in battery material preparation in order to obtain uniform nanometer-sized surface fluoride coated battery materials. The use of a vertical flow-type tube reactor permits a fine-tuning of the fluorination process by accurately regulating the active gas or mixture of gases flow over battery materials using mass-flow regulators, and precisely setting the temperature with vertical rube furnace. Additionally, these fluorinating agents have slightly different reactivity, decomposing and reacting with battery materials at different temperatures, and therefore, offering additional parameter of fluorination fine-tuning. The method is scalable and can be easily adapted as an industrial solution. Moreover, all these gases are non-toxic, non-corrosive and non-flammable gases at room temperatures, hence, they are more convenient to handle than highly-toxic and highly-corrosive HF and F.sub.2 gases.

Known catalyst systems for the catalytic combustion of ammonia to form nitrogen oxides consist of a plurality of single- or multilayer catalyst gauzes warp-knitted, weft-knitted or woven from platinum-based noble metal wire, which, when arranged one behind the other in a fresh gas flow direction, form a front group of gauze layers and at least one downstream group of gauze layers arranged after the front group. To provide from this starting point a catalyst system for use in a medium-pressure plant for ammonia oxidation, with which a high service life and a high yield of the main product NO can be achieved, it is proposed that the front group comprises a gauze layer or a plurality of gauze layers made of a first, rhodium-rich noble metal wire, wherein the gauze layer or one of the gauze layers made of the rhodium-rich noble metal wire is a front gauze layer facing the fresh gas, and that the downstream group comprises gauze layers made of a second, rhodium-poor noble metal wire, wherein the rhodium content in the rhodium-rich noble metal wire is at least 7 wt. % and no more than 9 wt. % and is at least 1 percentage point higher than the rhodium content in the rhodium-poor noble metal wire

The present invention relates to a fixed bed of catalytically active metal foam bodies having a volume of not more than 500 mL which consist to an extent of at least 95 wt % of metals. The fixed bed is used for catalytic reactions in a three-phase reaction mixture.

An apparatus for carrying out endothermic reactions including a plurality of catalytic vessels, immersed in a combustion chamber having a contiguous overlaid convection chamber enclosing a top portion of the catalytic vessels wherein heat is recovered at a lower temperature level from the flue gases from the combustion chamber. The catalytic vessels may contain internal and coaxial heat recovery tubes creating an annular space filled in with a catalytic device. Both the external heat recovery through the catalyst tube outer surface and the internal heat recovery through the inner tube surface can be maximized by an enhanced catalytic device acting also as a heat transfer promoter in the process gas region. The apparatus provides enhanced and flexible heat recovery that permits to meet the request of minimum or none export steam production in one single apparatus, avoiding the need of a pre-reforming section and/or of a convective reformer downstream.

A graphene nano-steam generator and a beauty instrument are provided. The graphene nano-steam generator includes a coarse steam channel, a nano-steam channel and a high-voltage power supply device. The coarse steam channel is connected to a coarse steam manufacturing device and the nano-steam channel. The coarse steam channel is provided with a steam sieving device, and an end of the coarse steam channel is provided with a first electrode and a second electrode. The high-voltage power supply device is coupled to the first electrode and the second electrode. The high-voltage power supply device supplies high-voltage electricity to the first electrode and the second electrode, and forms a high-voltage arc discharge between the first electrode and the second electrode, thus the coarse steam molecular group flowing through is ionized by the high-voltage arc to generate a large amount of active nano-scale steam to be flowed out from the nano-steam channel.

The present invention relates to a reactor (201) for preparing hydrogen cyanide by the Andrussow process, to an equipment (200) comprising said reactor and to a process for preparing hydrogen cyanide by the Andrussow process. The reactor (201) comprising at least one gas inlet (I) for reactant gases mixture, a catalyst (203), a porous support for the catalyst (204), a porous sub support (205, 206) and at least one outlet (P8) for the reaction products. According to the invention, said reactor has a cone frustum shaped metallic casing (210) and comprises inside the metallic casing, a gas distributor (202) located between the gas inlet and the catalyst, said distributor comprising at least one cone frustum element (D1, . . . Dn) having an upper base directed towards the gas inlet (I).

A method for growing carbon nanotubes is provided. A reactor including a reactor chamber and a substrate located in the reactor chamber is provide. The substrate is a hollow structure including a sidewall and a bottom. The hollow structure also defines an opening. The sidewall includes a carbon nanotube layer and catalyst particles dispersed in the carbon nanotube layer. A mixture of carbon source gas and carrier gas is introduced into the reactor chamber so that the mixture of carbon source gas and carrier gas flows into the hollow structure from the opening and out of the hollow structure through the sidewall. The hollow structure is heated.

An apparatus includes a conduit with two process fluid inlets at one end of the conduit, one process fluid outlet at an opposing end, a heat exchange medium inlet, and a heat exchange medium outlet. One of the fluid inlets includes a tube extending into the conduit and a perforated node at the end of the tube, and the other of the fluid inlets is arranged up stream of the perforated node. The apparatus further includes hollow tubes positioned longitudinally within the conduit between the two process fluid inlets, the process fluid outlet, the heat exchange medium inlet and the heat exchange medium outlet. In addition, the apparatus includes a collection vessel positioned proximate the fluid outlet and fibers extending through each of the hollow tubes, wherein one end of the fibers is secured to the perforated node and the other end of the fibers extends into the collection vessel.

A catalyst structure, which makes it possible to reduce the flow passage resistance and raise the purification rate, is provided. A catalyst structure provided in an exhaust passage of an internal combustion engine comprises a base member which is formed by combining wire-shaped members, wherein the wire-shaped members do not include any wire-shaped member which is arranged to be orthogonal to a flow direction of an exhaust gas, and the wire-shaped members include wire-shaped members which are arranged obliquely with respect to the flow direction of the exhaust gas. The change in the cross-sectional area of the base member is suppressed by arranging the wire-shaped members obliquely with respect to the flow direction of the exhaust gas.

The invention relates to a reactor for performing exothermic equilibrium reactions, especially for producing methanol from synthesis gas in a multistage synthesis with intermediate condensation of the reaction product. The reactor according to the invention has a reactor shell and a multitude of series-connected and mutually fluid-connected reactor cells disposed within the reactor shell, where each of the reactor cells includes a reaction apparatus, a cooling-down apparatus and a phase separation apparatus as reactor cell elements. The reactor has a multitude of reactor planes disposed in a mutually parallel arrangement within the reactor shell, where reactor cell elements of the same kind are disposed in the same reactor plane. The inventive arrangement of the reactor cell elements enables the building of a compact reactor and reduces material stresses within the reactor by the avoidance of large temperature differences within the reactor shell.