A manufacturing method of 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (1233zd) is provided. This manufacturing method includes a reaction in which a halogenated hydrocarbon compound having a carbon number of 3 and represented by a general formula (1) is heated:
CF.sub.aCl.sub.3-aCH.sub.2CHF.sub.bCl.sub.2-b(1) In the formula, a is an integer from 0 to 2, b is 1 or 2 when a=0, b is 0 or 1 when a=1, and b is 0 when a=2.

The invention relates to a composition that contains a first semiconductor SC1, particles that comprise one or more element(s) M in the metal state selected from among an element of groups IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIIIB, IB, IIB, IIIA, IVA and VA of the periodic table, and a second semiconductor SC2 that comprises indium oxide, with said first semiconductor SC1 being in direct contact with said particles that comprise one or more element(s) M in the metal state, with said particles being in direct contact with said second semiconductor SC2 that comprises indium oxide in such a way that the second semiconductor SC2 covers at least 50% of the surfaces of the particles that comprise one or more element(s) M in the metal state. The invention also relates to its preparation method as well as its application of photocatalysis.

This invention relates to a supported catalyst for synthesizing ammonia (NH3) from nitrogen gas (N2) and hydrogen gas (H2), method of making the support, and methods of decorating the support with the catalyst.

The invention discloses a novel method for preparation of highly active and selective dehydrogenation catalyst, comprising of metal oxide of group VIB elements of periodic table, and at least one metal oxide from group IA and/or group VIII, supported on alumina or silica or mixture thereof, wherein the accessibility to active sites and dispersion of metal oxides is enhanced by the addition of carbonaceous material such as coke derived from coal or petroleum coke or any other form of carbon, during catalyst preparation and its combustion thereof during calcination.

The invention discloses a novel method for preparation of highly active and selective dehydrogenation catalyst, comprising of metal oxide of group VIB elements of periodic table, and at least one metal oxide from group IA and/or group VIII, supported on alumina or silica or mixture thereof, wherein the accessibility to active sites and dispersion of metal oxides is enhanced by the addition of carbonaceous material such as coke derived from coal or petroleum coke or any other form of carbon, during catalyst preparation and its combustion thereof during calcination.

The invention discloses a method for co-operating low-carbon foaming agents, comprising: preheating 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane and hydrogen fluoride and then introducing into a reactor to have a reaction in the presence of a catalyst to obtain a reaction product, and separating and purifying to obtain the following low-carbon foaming agent products: trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, cis-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, cis-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene. The invention has the advantages of simple process, environmental friendliness, high production efficiency and low cost.

A reformer includes at least one reformer reactor unit (300) having a space-confining wall with external (307) and internal surfaces (306), at least a section of the wall and space confined thereby defining a reforming reaction zone (311), an inlet end (301) and associated inlet (302) for admission of flow of gaseous reforming reactant to the reforming reaction zone (311), an outlet end (303) and associated outlet (304) for outflow of hydrogen-rich reformate produced in the reforming reaction zone (311), at least that section of the wall (305) corresponding to the reforming reaction zone comprising perovskite as a structural component thereof such wall section being gas-permeable to allow gaseous reforming reactant to diffuse therein and hydrogen-rich reformate to diffuse therefrom.

A reformer includes at least one reformer reactor unit (300) having a space-confining wall with external (307) and internal surfaces (306), at least a section of the wall and space confined thereby defining a reforming reaction zone (311), an inlet end (301) and associated inlet (302) for admission of flow of gaseous reforming reactant to the reforming reaction zone (311), an outlet end (303) and associated outlet (304) for outflow of hydrogen-rich reformate produced in the reforming reaction zone (311), at least that section of the wall (305) corresponding to the reforming reaction zone comprising perovskite as a structural component thereof such wall section being gas-permeable to allow gaseous reforming reactant to diffuse therein and hydrogen-rich reformate to diffuse therefrom.

A process is disclosed for making CF.sub.3CF.sub.2CH.sub.3, CF.sub.3CFCH.sub.2 and/or CF.sub.3CClCH.sub.2. The process involves reacting at least one starting material selected from the group consisting of halopropanes of the formula CX.sub.3CH.sub.2CH.sub.2X, halopropenes of the formula CX.sub.3CHCH.sub.2 and halopropenes of the formula CX.sub.2CHCH.sub.2X, wherein each X is independently F or Cl, with HF and Cl.sub.2 in a reaction zone to produce a product mixture comprising HF, HCl, CF.sub.3CF.sub.2CH.sub.3, CF.sub.3CFCH.sub.2, and CF.sub.3CClCH.sub.2; and recovering the CF.sub.3CF.sub.2CH.sub.3, CF.sub.3CFCH.sub.2 and/or CF.sub.3CClCH.sub.2 from the product mixture. Also disclosed is a process for making CF.sub.3CH.sub.2CHF.sub.2, CF.sub.3CHCHF, and/or CF.sub.3CHCHCl. This process involves reacting at least one starting material selected from the group consisting of halopropenes of the formula CX.sub.3CHCH.sub.2 and halopropenes of the formula CX.sub.2CHCH.sub.2X, wherein each X is independently F or Cl, with HF and Cl.sub.2 in a reaction zone to produce a product mixture comprising HF, HCl, CF.sub.3CH.sub.2CHF.sub.2, CF.sub.3CHCHF and CF.sub.3CHCHCl; and recovering the CF.sub.3CH.sub.2CHF.sub.2, CF.sub.3CHCHF, and/or CF.sub.3CHCHCl from the product mixture. The molar ratio of HF to the total amount of starting materials fed to the reaction zone for both of these processes is at least stoichiometric, and the molar ratio of Cl.sub.2 to total amount of starting material fed to the reaction zone for both of these processes is 2:1 or less.

A process is disclosed for making CF.sub.3CF.sub.2CH.sub.3, CF.sub.3CFCH.sub.2 and/or CF.sub.3CClCH.sub.2. The process involves reacting at least one starting material selected from the group consisting of halopropanes of the formula CX.sub.3CH.sub.2CH.sub.2X, halopropenes of the formula CX.sub.3CHCH.sub.2 and halopropenes of the formula CX.sub.2CHCH.sub.2X, wherein each X is independently F or Cl, with HF and Cl.sub.2 in a reaction zone to produce a product mixture comprising HF, HCl, CF.sub.3CF.sub.2CH.sub.3, CF.sub.3CFCH.sub.2, and CF.sub.3CClCH.sub.2; and recovering the CF.sub.3CF.sub.2CH.sub.3, CF.sub.3CFCH.sub.2 and/or CF.sub.3CClCH.sub.2 from the product mixture. Also disclosed is a process for making CF.sub.3CH.sub.2CHF.sub.2, CF.sub.3CHCHF, and/or CF.sub.3CHCHCl. This process involves reacting at least one starting material selected from the group consisting of halopropenes of the formula CX.sub.3CHCH.sub.2 and halopropenes of the formula CX.sub.2CHCH.sub.2X, wherein each X is independently F or Cl, with HF and Cl.sub.2 in a reaction zone to produce a product mixture comprising HF, HCl, CF.sub.3CH.sub.2CHF.sub.2, CF.sub.3CHCHF and CF.sub.3CHCHCl; and recovering the CF.sub.3CH.sub.2CHF.sub.2, CF.sub.3CHCHF, and/or CF.sub.3CHCHCl from the product mixture. The molar ratio of HF to the total amount of starting materials fed to the reaction zone for both of these processes is at least stoichiometric, and the molar ratio of Cl.sub.2 to total amount of starting material fed to the reaction zone for both of these processes is 2:1 or less.