Shaped porous carbon products and processes for preparing these products are provided. The shaped porous carbon products can be used, for example, as catalyst supports and adsorbents. Catalyst compositions including these shaped porous carbon products, processes of preparing the catalyst compositions, and various processes of using the shaped porous carbon products and catalyst compositions are also provided.

A method of reducing a gaseous carbon oxide includes reacting a carbon oxide with a gaseous reducing agent in the presence of an intermetallic or carbide catalyst. The reaction proceeds under conditions adapted to produce solid carbon of various allotropes and morphologies, the selective formation of which can be controlled by means of controlling reaction gas composition and reaction conditions including temperature and pressure. A method for utilizing an intermetallic or carbide catalyst in a reactor includes placing the catalyst in a suitable reactor and flowing reaction gases comprising a carbon oxide with at least one gaseous reducing agent through the reactor where, in the presence of the catalyst, at least a portion of the carbon in the carbon oxide is converted to solid carbon and a tail gas mixture containing water vapor.

The present invention discloses a method for preparing molybdenum doped titanium dioxide thin film by sol-gel, comprising following steps: preparing a mixed solution containing tetrabutyl titanate, adding a thickener to obtain solution I, preparing solution II containing ammonium molybdate solution, dropwise adding solution II into solution I and obtaining a titanium dioxide sol; dipping the titanium dioxide sol on the surface of a glass ball and oven drying, repeating such for several times, removing a solvent by vacuum drying, carrying out high-temperature calcination, keeping warm and obtaining molybdenum doped titanium dioxide thin film. The molybdenum doped titanium dioxide thin film prepared by the present invention has higher specific surface area, and the catalyst after modeling deposition has better transmissivity and porosity, large reaction contact area, high light efficiency and good photocatalytic effect.

The present invention discloses a method for preparing molybdenum doped titanium dioxide thin film by sol-gel, comprising following steps: preparing a mixed solution containing tetrabutyl titanate, adding a thickener to obtain solution I, preparing solution II containing ammonium molybdate solution, dropwise adding solution II into solution I and obtaining a titanium dioxide sol; dipping the titanium dioxide sol on the surface of a glass ball and oven drying, repeating such for several times, removing a solvent by vacuum drying, carrying out high-temperature calcination, keeping warm and obtaining molybdenum doped titanium dioxide thin film. The molybdenum doped titanium dioxide thin film prepared by the present invention has higher specific surface area, and the catalyst after modeling deposition has better transmissivity and porosity, large reaction contact area, high light efficiency and good photocatalytic effect.

The invention relates to a process for preparing a shaped catalyst for alkane oxidative dehydrogenation and/or alkene oxidation, which comprises: a) preparing a mixed metal oxide catalyst containing molybdenum, vanadium, niobium and optionally tellurium; b) mixing the catalyst obtained in step a), a binder and optionally water, wherein the binder has a surface area greater than 100 m.sup.2/g and a water loss upon heating at a temperature of 485° C. which is greater than 1 wt. %; c) shaping the mixture obtained in step b) to form a shaped catalyst by means of tableting; and d) subjecting the shaped catalyst obtained in step c) to an elevated temperature. Further, the invention relates to a catalyst obtainable by said process and to a process of alkane oxidative dehydrogenation and/or alkene oxidation wherein said catalyst is used.

The present invention provides novel systems, methods, and processes for producing and synthesizing, through cost-effective thermal processes, highly active and stable carbide-based nano-structured catalysts and compositions that can be used in dry reforming of methane, natural gas, and biogas, for example, to synthesis gas (syngas). The invention provides for using carbon-containing raw materials for synthesizing and producing carbon-encapsulated metal-core nanoparticles such as nickel-based, tungsten-based, and molybdenum-based nano-structured catalysts that can be used in dry reforming gas to syngas.

The present invention provides novel systems, methods, and processes for producing and synthesizing, through cost-effective thermal processes, highly active and stable carbide-based nano-structured catalysts and compositions that can be used in dry reforming of methane, natural gas, and biogas, for example, to synthesis gas (syngas). The invention provides for using carbon-containing raw materials for synthesizing and producing carbon-encapsulated metal-core nanoparticles such as nickel-based, tungsten-based, and molybdenum-based nano-structured catalysts that can be used in dry reforming gas to syngas.

The invention provides a process for the preparation of ethylene glycol and 1, 2-propylene glycol from starting material comprising one or more saccharides, wherein the process comprises the steps of i) providing the starting material and hydrogen to a first reactor, which first reactor operates with mixing; ii) reacting said starting material and hydrogen in the first reactor in the presence of solvent and a catalyst system; iii) continuously removing a first reactor product stream from the first reactor; iv) supplying at least a portion of the first reactor product stream to a second reactor, which reactor operates essentially in a plug flow manner; and v) further reacting the first reactor product stream with hydrogen in the presence of a solvent and optionally a catalyst system in the second reactor.

The invention provides a process for the preparation of ethylene glycol and 1, 2-propylene glycol from starting material comprising one or more saccharides, wherein the process comprises the steps of i) providing the starting material and hydrogen to a first reactor, which first reactor operates with mixing; ii) reacting said starting material and hydrogen in the first reactor in the presence of solvent and a catalyst system; iii) continuously removing a first reactor product stream from the first reactor; iv) supplying at least a portion of the first reactor product stream to a second reactor, which reactor operates essentially in a plug flow manner; and v) further reacting the first reactor product stream with hydrogen in the presence of a solvent and optionally a catalyst system in the second reactor.

Embodiments of processes and multiple-stage catalyst systems for producing propylene comprising introducing a hydrocarbon stream comprising 2-butene to an isomerization catalyst zone to isomerize the 2-butene to 1-butene, passing the 2-butene and 1-butene to a metathesis catalyst zone to cross-metathesize the 2-butene and 1-butene into a metathesis product stream comprising propylene and C.sub.4-C.sub.6 olefins, and cracking the metathesis product stream in a catalyst cracking zone to produce propylene. The isomerization catalyst zone comprises a silica-alumina catalyst with a ratio by weight of alumina to silica from 1:99 to 20:80. The metathesis catalyst comprises a mesoporous silica catalyst support impregnated with metal oxide. The catalyst cracking zone comprises a mordenite framework inverted (MFI) structured silica catalyst.