An ammonia manufacturing apparatus includes: an electrochemical reaction unit including a first electrolytic bath for accommodating a first electrolytic solution, an oxidation electrode disposed in the first electrolytic bath, a second electrolytic bath for accommodating a second electrolytic solution containing nitrogen, an ammonia producing catalyst, and a reducing agent, a reduction electrode disposed in the second electrolytic bath, and a diaphragm, and configured to reduce nitrogen by the ammonia producing catalyst and the reducing agent in the second electrolytic bath to produce ammonia, and reduce the reducing agent oxidized due to the production of ammonia, at the reduction electrode by connecting the oxidation electrode and the reduction electrode to a power supply; a nitrogen supply unit including a nitrogen supply part for dissolving nitrogen in the second electrolytic solution; and an ammonia separation unit including a separation part configured to separate ammonia from the second electrolytic solution.

The invention relates to systems and methods for ultrasonic oxidative desulfurization of heavy fuel oils. In various embodiments, the methods include combinations of ultrasonic sulfone decomposition processes and/or catalytic decomposition processes.

The invention relates to systems and methods for ultrasonic oxidative desulfurization of heavy fuel oils. In various embodiments, the methods include combinations of ultrasonic sulfone decomposition processes and/or catalytic decomposition processes.

A method of synthesizing a doped carbonaceous material includes mixing a carbon precursor material with at least one dopant to form a homogeneous/heterogeneous mixture; and subjecting the mixture to pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere to obtain the doped carbonaceous material. A method of purifying water includes providing an amount of the doped carbonaceous material in the water as a photocatalyst; and illuminating the water containing the doped carbonaceous material with visible light such that under visible light illumination, the doped carbonaceous material generates excitons (electron-hole pairs) and has high electron affinity, which react with oxygen and water adsorbed on its surface forming reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals, singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, that, in turn, decompose pollutants and micropollutants.

A method of synthesizing a doped carbonaceous material includes mixing a carbon precursor material with at least one dopant to form a homogeneous/heterogeneous mixture; and subjecting the mixture to pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere to obtain the doped carbonaceous material. A method of purifying water includes providing an amount of the doped carbonaceous material in the water as a photocatalyst; and illuminating the water containing the doped carbonaceous material with visible light such that under visible light illumination, the doped carbonaceous material generates excitons (electron-hole pairs) and has high electron affinity, which react with oxygen and water adsorbed on its surface forming reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals, singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, that, in turn, decompose pollutants and micropollutants.

A catalyst composition includes a metal catalyst dispersed in a molten eutectic mixture of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal carbonates or hydroxides. A process for the catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons includes contacting in a reactor system a carbon-containing feedstock with at least one catalyst in the presence of oxygen to generate olefinic and/or aromatic compounds; and collecting the olefinic and/or aromatic compounds; wherein: the at least one catalyst includes a metal catalyst dispersed in a molten eutectic mixture of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal carbonates or hydroxides. A process for preparing the catalyst includes mixing metal catalyst precursors selected from transition metal compounds and rare-earth metal compounds and a eutectic mixture of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal carbonates or hydroxides and heating it. A use of the catalyst in the catalytic cracking process of hydrocarbons.

Bio-based ethanol, such as ethanol produced from lignocellulosic materials, for example, is processed to produce bio-based ethylene, which can then be processed further to produce other bio-based materials including bio-based polymers and copolymers, including bio-based polyethylene, bio-based α-olefins, bio-based 1,2-diols, as well as other compounds.

A multi-functional composite catalyst includes a catalyst support material, a preformed catalyst material at least partially secured in the catalyst support, and at least one catalytically active compound supported by the catalyst support, the preformed catalyst material, or both. The catalyst support material may include fumed silica, alumina, fumed alumina, fumed titania, or combinations of these. A catalytic activity of the catalytically active compound may be different than a catalytic activity of the preformed catalyst material. The composite catalyst may be catalyst for producing propene from 2-butene and may include a zeolite as the preformed catalyst material and a metal oxide, such as tungsten oxide, as the catalytically active material. A method of making the composite catalyst may include aerosolizing a catalyst precursor mixture that includes a preformed catalyst material, catalyst support precursor, and catalytically active compound precursor, and drying the aerosolized catalyst precursor mixture.

A multi-functional composite catalyst includes a catalyst support material, a preformed catalyst material at least partially secured in the catalyst support, and at least one catalytically active compound supported by the catalyst support, the preformed catalyst material, or both. The catalyst support material may include fumed silica, alumina, fumed alumina, fumed titania, or combinations of these. A catalytic activity of the catalytically active compound may be different than a catalytic activity of the preformed catalyst material. The composite catalyst may be catalyst for producing propene from 2-butene and may include a zeolite as the preformed catalyst material and a metal oxide, such as tungsten oxide, as the catalytically active material. A method of making the composite catalyst may include aerosolizing a catalyst precursor mixture that includes a preformed catalyst material, catalyst support precursor, and catalytically active compound precursor, and drying the aerosolized catalyst precursor mixture.

A catalyst composition comprises an acrolein-oxidizing catalyst comprising a mixed metal oxide catalyst of general formula (1):

MoV.sub.aA.sup.1.sub.bA.sup.2.sub.cA.sup.3.sub.dO.sub.m  (I)

in which A.sup.1 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of W and Cu; A.sup.2 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Sb, Fe, and Nb; A.sup.3 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, Ta, Cr, Mn, Re, Ru, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ag, Au, Zn, B, Al, Ga, In, Ge, Sn, Si, Te, Pb, P, As, Bi, Se, rare earth elements, alkaline elements, and alkaline earth elements; a ranges from 0.01 to 1.0; b ranges from 0.01 to 1.5; c ranges from 0 to 1.5; d ranges from 0 to 1.0; and m is dependent on the oxidation state of the other elements. The catalyst composition further comprises a finishing catalyst comprising a mixed metal oxide catalyst of general formula (II):

MoV.sub.wNb.sub.xX.sup.1.sub.yX.sup.2.sub.zO.sub.n  (II)

in which X.sup.1 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Te and Sb; X.sup.2 comprises at least one an element selected from the group consisting of Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mn, Re, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ag, Au, Zn, B, Al, Ga, In, Ge, Sn, Pb, P, As, Bi, Se, rare earth elements and alkaline earth elements; w ranges from 0.01 to 1.0; x ranges from 0.01 to 1.0; y ranges from 0.01 to 1.0; z ranges from 0 to 1.0; and n is depended on the oxidation state of the other elements. The finishing catalyst does not contain W or Cu, and has an X-ray diffraction pattern showing an orthorhombic phase as the major crystal phase with main peaks with 2θ at 6.7°, 7.8°, 22.1°, and 27.2°. The acrolein-oxidizing catalyst has a different chemical composition than the finishing catalyst. A process for producing acrylic acid is also disclosed.