Disclosed is a NOx-trapping catalyst having a non-platinum-group-metal NOx-trapping layer, which contains a transition metal, particularly manganese, able to maintain NOx-trapping performance while decreasing the amount of expensive platinum-group metal.

Direct conversion of syngas to light olefins is carried out in a fixed bed or a moving bed reactor with a composite catalyst A+B. The active ingredient of catalyst A is active metal oxide; and catalyst B is one or more than one of zeolite of CHA and AEI structures or metal modified CHA and/or AEI zeolite. A spacing between geometric centers of the active metal oxide of the catalyst A and the particle of the catalyst B is 5 m-40 mm. A spacing between axes of the particles is preferably 100 m-5 mm, and more preferably 200 m-4 mm. A weight ratio of the active ingredients in the catalyst A and the catalyst B is within a range of 0.1-20 times, and preferably 0.3-5.

Direct conversion of syngas to light olefins is carried out in a fixed bed or a moving bed reactor with a composite catalyst A+B. The active ingredient of catalyst A is active metal oxide; and catalyst B is one or more than one of zeolite of CHA and AEI structures or metal modified CHA and/or AEI zeolite. A spacing between geometric centers of the active metal oxide of the catalyst A and the particle of the catalyst B is 5 m-40 mm. A spacing between axes of the particles is preferably 100 m-5 mm, and more preferably 200 m-4 mm. A weight ratio of the active ingredients in the catalyst A and the catalyst B is within a range of 0.1-20 times, and preferably 0.3-5.

A supported catalyst for decomposing an organic substance that includes a support and a catalyst particle supported on the support. The catalyst particle contains a perovskite-type composite oxide represented by A.sub.xB.sub.yM.sub.zO.sub.w, where the A contains at least one selected from Ba and Sr, the B contains Zr, the M is at least one selected from Mn, Co, Ni and Fe, y+z=1, x0.995, z0.4, and w is a positive value satisfying electrical neutrality. A film thickness of a catalyst-supporting film supported on the support and containing the catalyst particle is 5 m or more, or a supported amount as determined by normalizing a mass of the catalyst particle supported on the support by a volume of the support is 45 g/L or more.

A supported catalyst for decomposing an organic substance that includes a support and a catalyst particle supported on the support. The catalyst particle contains a perovskite-type composite oxide represented by A.sub.xB.sub.yM.sub.zO.sub.w, where the A contains at least one selected from Ba and Sr, the B contains Zr, the M is at least one selected from Mn, Co, Ni and Fe, y+z=1, x0.995, z0.4, and w is a positive value satisfying electrical neutrality. A film thickness of a catalyst-supporting film supported on the support and containing the catalyst particle is 5 m or more, or a supported amount as determined by normalizing a mass of the catalyst particle supported on the support by a volume of the support is 45 g/L or more.

Systems and methods are provided for using oxycombustion to provide heat within a reverse flow reactor environment. The oxygen for the oxycombustion can be provided by oxygen stored in an oxygen storage component in the reactor. By using an oxygen storage component to provide the oxygen for combustion during the regeneration step, heat can be added to a reverse flow reactor while reducing or minimizing addition of diluents and while avoiding the need for an air separation unit. As a result, a regeneration flue gas can be formed that is substantially composed of CO.sub.2 and/or H.sub.2O without requiring the additional cost of creating a substantially pure oxygen-containing gas flow.

Systems and methods are provided for using oxycombustion to provide heat within a reverse flow reactor environment. The oxygen for the oxycombustion can be provided by oxygen stored in an oxygen storage component in the reactor. By using an oxygen storage component to provide the oxygen for combustion during the regeneration step, heat can be added to a reverse flow reactor while reducing or minimizing addition of diluents and while avoiding the need for an air separation unit. As a result, a regeneration flue gas can be formed that is substantially composed of CO.sub.2 and/or H.sub.2O without requiring the additional cost of creating a substantially pure oxygen-containing gas flow.

A method of autothermal oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) utilizes introducing a methane-containing feedstock and an oxygen-gas-containing feedstock into a reactor (10) as a flowing mixture (18) with a space time of 500 ms or less. The reactor (10) contains a catalyst bed (20) of an OCM catalyst that contacts the flowing mixture and wherein the catalyst bed (20) has a heat Peclet number (Pe.sub.h) of from 5 or less, a mass Peclet number (Pe.sub.m) of from 5 or more, and a transverse Peclet number (P) of from 1 or less while contacting the flowing mixture. The methane and oxygen of the feedstocks are allowed to react within the reactor (10) to form methane oxidative coupling reaction products. A reactor (10) for carrying out the OCM reaction is also disclosed.

Disclosed herein is a very efficient method to make 5-(alkoxycarbonyl)furan-2-carboxylic acids (ACFC) from feedstocks comprised of furoates. When a feedstock comprised of methyl 5-methylfuran-2-carboxylate (MMFC) is used a product comprised of (5-(methoxycarbonyl)furan-2-carboxylic acid (MCFC) is obtained in high yield.

A nitrous oxide (N.sub.2O) removal catalyst composition for treating an exhaust stream of an internal combustion engine is provided, containing a platinum group metal (PGM) component on a metal oxide-based support, wherein the N.sub.2O removal catalyst composition is in a substantially reduced form, such that it has an oxygen deficiency of about 0.05 mmol oxygen atoms/g or greater, and wherein the N.sub.2O removal catalyst composition provides effective removal of at least a portion of N.sub.2O from the exhaust stream under lean conditions at a temperature of about 350 C. or lower. N.sub.2O removal catalytic articles, systems, and methods are also provided for removing at least a portion of N.sub.2O from an exhaust stream under lean, low temperature conditions.