This disclosure relates to the production of xylenes from syngas, in which the syngas is converted to an aromatic product by reaction with a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst and an aromatization catalyst. The Fischer-Tropsch catalyst and aromatization catalyst may be different catalysts or combined into a single catalyst. The aromatic product is then subjected to selective alkylation with methanol and/or carbon monoxide and hydrogen to increase its p-xylene content.

The present specification discloses a membrane reactor comprising a reaction region; a permeate region; and a composite membrane disposed at a boundary of the reaction region and the permeate region, wherein the reaction region comprises a bed filled with a catalyst for dehydrogenation reaction, wherein the composite membrane comprises a support layer including a metal with a body-centered-cubic (BCC) crystal structure, and a catalyst layer including a palladium (Pd) or a palladium alloy formed onto the support layer, wherein ammonia (NH.sub.3) is supplied to the reaction region, the ammonia is converted into hydrogen (H.sub.2) by the dehydrogenation reaction in the presence of the catalyst for dehydrogenation reaction, and the hydrogen permeates the composite membrane and is emitted from the membrane reactor through the permeate region.

A method of producing a silicon hydride oxide-containing organic solvent (coating solution) is provided with which a silicon hydride oxide coating film can be formed on a substrate. Using the silicon hydride oxide-containing organic solvent makes it unnecessary to place a coating solution in non-oxidizing atmosphere at the time of coating or to heat the substrate after coating because the silicon hydride oxide is formed in the coating solution before it is coated. The method includes blowing an oxygen-containing gas through an organic solvent containing a silicon hydride or a polymer thereof. The silicon hydride oxide may contain a proportion of (residual Si—H groups)/(Si—H groups before oxidation) of 1 to 40 mol %. The silicon hydride can be obtained by reacting a cyclic silane with a hydrogen halide in the presence of an aluminum halide, and reducing the obtained cyclic halosilane.

An object of at least one embodiment of the present invention is to suppress poisoning due to phosphorus derived from engine oil, and effectively purify NOx discharged from the time of engine start up to a high load condition. In an exhaust gas purification catalyst for an internal combustion engine, a catalyst layer includes: a first catalyst layer exposed to an exhaust gas flow; and a second catalyst layer formed between the first catalyst layer and the substrate. A second catalyst upstream layer formed on an upstream side of the second catalyst layer with respect to the exhaust gas flow and a first catalyst downstream layer formed on a downstream side of the first catalyst layer with respect to the exhaust gas flow include at least one of palladium and platinum, as well as an oxygen storage material as the catalyst component. An amount of the oxygen storage material in the first catalyst downstream layer is larger than an amount of the oxygen storage material in the second catalyst upstream layer.

An object is to provide an exhaust gas purification catalyst for an internal combustion engine that can achieve a higher exhaust gas purification performance and a higher engine output performance. A catalyst layer is disposed in an exhaust gas passage, formed on a surface of the substrate, and includes: a first catalyst layer exposed to an exhaust gas flow; and a second catalyst layer formed between the first catalyst layer and the substrate. A catalyst component supported on the first catalyst layer includes rhodium. A catalyst component supported on the second catalyst layer includes at least one of palladium and platinum. The first catalyst layer is formed such that a density of the rhodium supported thereon decreases in a step-like manner through a plurality of segment zones segmented along an exhaust gas flow direction, and the second catalyst layer is formed such that a density of the palladium or the platinum supported thereon decreases in a step-like manner through a plurality of segment zones segmented along the exhaust gas flow direction.

Provided is an electrically heated catalytic converter including at least a conductive substrate and an electrode member that is fixed to the substrate, in which a protective film is formed on a surface of at least a portion of the electrode member. In the electrically heated catalytic converter, at least a portion of the protective film is formed of Al.sub.2O.sub.3, SiO.sub.2, a composite material of Al.sub.2O.sub.3 and SiO.sub.2, or a composite oxide including Al.sub.2O.sub.3, SiO.sub.2, or a composite material of Al.sub.2O.sub.3 and SiO.sub.2 as a major component, the protective film has an amorphous structure or a partially crystalline glass structure having a crystallization rate of 30 vol % or lower with respect to the entire portion of the protective film, and a thickness of the protective film is in a range of 100 nm to 2 μm.

Provided herein is a device for removing residual hydrogen peroxide or hydrazine from an effluent gas stream which includes a metal oxide scrubber material configured to react with residual process gases under increased temperatures. Also provided are systems and methods of using the same.

The invention provides a start-up method for a process for the preparation of glycols from a starting material comprising one or more saccharides in the presence of hydrogen and a catalyst system comprising one or more retro-aldol catalysts comprising tungsten and one or more catalytic species suitable for hydrogenation in a reactor, said method comprising introducing the one or more retro-aldol catalysts to the reactor whilst also in the presence of one or more agents suitable to suppress tungsten precipitation.

The present invention relates to colloidal dispersions comprising a plurality of precious group nanoparticles, wherein about 90% or more of the precious group metal is in fully reduced form; a dispersion medium comprising a polar solvent; a water-soluble polymer suspension stabilizing agent; and a reducing agent, wherein the nanoparticle concentration is at least about 2 wt. % of the colloidal dispersion, wherein the nanoparticles have an average particle size of about 1 to about 6 nm and at least 95% of the nanoparticles have a particle size within this range; and further wherein the colloidal dispersion is substantially free of halides, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and sulfur compounds. Methods of preparing, further processing, and using such colloidal dispersions are also provided herein.

An exhaust gas purification catalyst that has an excellent exhaust gas purification performance while suppressing pressure loss increases. The exhaust gas purification catalyst is provided with a substrate having a wall-flow structure and having a partition; a first catalyst layer formed, in a region of an interior part of the partition that is in contact with an entrance cell, along the extending direction of the partition from an exhaust gas inflow-side end for less than the total length L.sub.w of the partition; and a second catalyst layer formed, in a region of an interior part of the partition that is in contact with an exit cell, along the extending direction of the partition from the exhaust gas outflow-side end for less than the total length L.sub.w of the partition. The first catalyst layer and the second catalyst layer are configured to partially overlap with each other in the extending direction.