Provided is a method for producing organic molecules having at least two carbon atoms chained together by the reaction of a hydrogen-containing source, a carbon-containing source and an optional nitrogen-containing source in the presence of a nanostructure or nanostructures, wherein the reaction is initiated by heat.

Polycrystalline diamond compacts, polycrystalline diamond blanks, polycrystalline diamond cutters, and tools incorporating same for cutting, milling, grinding, drilling and other abrasive operations, particularly in metal cutting applications, include a diamond table having a gradient in iron content that increases as distance into the volume of the diamond table increases. The iron gradient increases resistance to wear, such as in interrupted milling tests. The disclosure further relates to methods of manufacturing polycrystalline diamond compacts having a gradient in iron concentration in the diamond table, blanks and cutters including polycrystalline diamond compacts, cutting tools incorporating such compacts, blanks and cutters, and methods of cutting, milling, grinding and drilling, particularly metal machining, using such compacts, blanks, cutters, cutting tools and drill bits.

Polycrystalline diamond compacts, polycrystalline diamond blanks, polycrystalline diamond cutters, and tools incorporating same for cutting, milling, grinding, drilling and other abrasive operations, particularly in metal cutting applications, include a diamond table having a gradient in iron content that increases as distance into the volume of the diamond table increases. The iron gradient increases resistance to wear, such as in interrupted milling tests. The disclosure further relates to methods of manufacturing polycrystalline diamond compacts having a gradient in iron concentration in the diamond table, blanks and cutters including polycrystalline diamond compacts, cutting tools incorporating such compacts, blanks and cutters, and methods of cutting, milling, grinding and drilling, particularly metal machining, using such compacts, blanks, cutters, cutting tools and drill bits.

Embodiments of the present invention relates to integrated catalyst systems and associated processes that directly converts carbon dioxide or carbohydrate to CO, methane, or other valuable chemicals at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, requiring no extra energy. The integrated catalyst systems are comprised of nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds and at least two metal elements, wherein one metal element needs to be active than the other one. The integrated catalyst systems can be applied to reduce carbon dioxide and carbohydrate at room temperature with considerable conversion efficiency. The reduction process involves the steps of: a) nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds performance as solvent/major catalyst, dual component as reducing agent / co-catalyst; b) introducing the above integrated catalysts into the reactor full of CO.sub.2 or carbohydrate, and keeping stirring the reacting system for 1 to 4 hours, without any illumination or heating; c) CO, methane, or other reduction product is achieved with a conversion efficiency of about 100%; d) the reduction products are gases, which can be directly separated from the system without any additional separation process or involving additional chemicals.

Embodiments of the present invention relates to integrated catalyst systems and associated processes that directly converts carbon dioxide or carbohydrate to CO, methane, or other valuable chemicals at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, requiring no extra energy. The integrated catalyst systems are comprised of nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds and at least two metal elements, wherein one metal element needs to be active than the other one. The integrated catalyst systems can be applied to reduce carbon dioxide and carbohydrate at room temperature with considerable conversion efficiency. The reduction process involves the steps of: a) nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds performance as solvent/major catalyst, dual component as reducing agent / co-catalyst; b) introducing the above integrated catalysts into the reactor full of CO.sub.2 or carbohydrate, and keeping stirring the reacting system for 1 to 4 hours, without any illumination or heating; c) CO, methane, or other reduction product is achieved with a conversion efficiency of about 100%; d) the reduction products are gases, which can be directly separated from the system without any additional separation process or involving additional chemicals.

The present invention relates to a method for producing supported catalysts, comprising: providing a metal foam element A, which consists of metallic cobalt, an alloy of nickel and cobalt, or an arrangement of layers of nickel and cobalt, lying one over the other; applying an aluminum-containing powder MP to metal foam element A in order to obtain metal foam element AX; thermally treating metal foam element AX to achieve alloy formation between metal foam element A and aluminum-containing powder MP, in order to obtain metal foam element B; oxidatively treating metal foam element B, in order to obtain metal foam element C; and applying a catalytically active layer, comprising at least one support oxide and at least one catalytically active component, to at least part of the surface of metal foam element C, in order to obtain a supported catalyst. The present invention further relates to the supported catalysts that can be obtained using the method and to the use of said supported catalysts in chemical transformations.

The present invention relates to a method for producing supported catalysts, comprising: providing a metal foam element A, which consists of metallic cobalt, an alloy of nickel and cobalt, or an arrangement of layers of nickel and cobalt, lying one over the other; applying an aluminum-containing powder MP to metal foam element A in order to obtain metal foam element AX; thermally treating metal foam element AX to achieve alloy formation between metal foam element A and aluminum-containing powder MP, in order to obtain metal foam element B; oxidatively treating metal foam element B, in order to obtain metal foam element C; and applying a catalytically active layer, comprising at least one support oxide and at least one catalytically active component, to at least part of the surface of metal foam element C, in order to obtain a supported catalyst. The present invention further relates to the supported catalysts that can be obtained using the method and to the use of said supported catalysts in chemical transformations.

Irradiating a film of a thiophene polymer that is a pure organic compound with light allows the thiophene polymer film to act as a light absorber and catalyst that produces hydrogen peroxide from water and water-dissolved air (oxygen) at extremely high efficiency, and this film can work in alkaline water in which a film of a general-purpose inexpensive water-oxidizing catalyst, which is used as a counter electrode, is active. Provided is an environmentally compatible and simple method for producing hydrogen peroxide at extremely high efficiency, including combining a film of a catalyst for light absorption and oxygen reduction that consists of a thiophene polymer with a catalyst for water oxidation, immersing the combination in alkaline water, and irradiating the light-absorbing oxygen reduction catalyst film with light.

Irradiating a film of a thiophene polymer that is a pure organic compound with light allows the thiophene polymer film to act as a light absorber and catalyst that produces hydrogen peroxide from water and water-dissolved air (oxygen) at extremely high efficiency, and this film can work in alkaline water in which a film of a general-purpose inexpensive water-oxidizing catalyst, which is used as a counter electrode, is active. Provided is an environmentally compatible and simple method for producing hydrogen peroxide at extremely high efficiency, including combining a film of a catalyst for light absorption and oxygen reduction that consists of a thiophene polymer with a catalyst for water oxidation, immersing the combination in alkaline water, and irradiating the light-absorbing oxygen reduction catalyst film with light.

A hydrogenation catalyst contains a hydrogenation catalyst carrier and an active hydrogenation component. The active hydrogenation component includescompriscs a Group VIB metal sulfide and a Group VIII metal compound, and the molar proportion of a substance of the Group VIII metal compound that interacts with the Group VIB metal sulfide to the total amount of the Group VIII metal compound is 60-100%. The hydrogenation catalyst has a higher active metal sulfurizing degree and a higher number of type II active centers, and can be applied to the hydrogenation treatment process of oil products such as distillate oils and residual oils