Herein discussed is a tubular comprising: an open end; an opposite closed end; and a mixed conducting membrane in at least a portion of the circumferential surface of the tubular. In an embodiment, the tubular comprises a cathode in contact with one circumferential side of the mixed conducting membrane and an anode in contact with the opposite circumferential side of the mixed conducting membrane. Methods of making and using such a tubular are also discussed herein.

Provided are a composite structure, in which metal nanoparticle-perovskite oxide is bound to metal oxide supports (i.e., sensing materials), and a preparation method thereof. The composite structure has improved durability, in which metal nanoparticles uniform in size are evenly distributed on the surface of perovskite oxide. Provided is also a high-performance gas sensor having excellent target gas detection performances by including the composite structure.

Provided are a composite structure, in which metal nanoparticle-perovskite oxide is bound to metal oxide supports (i.e., sensing materials), and a preparation method thereof. The composite structure has improved durability, in which metal nanoparticles uniform in size are evenly distributed on the surface of perovskite oxide. Provided is also a high-performance gas sensor having excellent target gas detection performances by including the composite structure.

The present disclosure provides for compositions, methods of making compositions, and methods of using the composition. In an aspect, the composition can be a reactive material that can be used to split a gas such as water or carbon dioxide.

The present invention relates to a process for making 1,4 butanediol. The process may include reacting a solution comprising 1,4-butynediol with hydrogen in a presence of a catalyst. The catalyst may include cerium.

The present invention relates to a process for making 1,4-butanediol. The process may include reacting a solution comprising 1,4-butynediol with hydrogen in a presence of a catalyst. The catalyst may include cerium.

Embodiments of the present invention relates to two improved catalysts and associated processes that directly converts carbon dioxide and hydrogen to liquid fuels. The catalytic converter is comprised of two catalysts in series that are operated at the same pressures to directly produce synthetic liquid fuels or synthetic natural gas. The carbon conversion efficiency for CO.sub.2 to liquid fuels is greater than 45%. The fuel is distilled into a premium diesel fuels (approximately 70 volume %) and naphtha (approximately 30 volume %) which are used directly as “drop-in” fuels without requiring any further processing. Any light hydrocarbons that are present with the carbon dioxide are also converted directly to fuels. This process is directly applicable to the conversion of CO.sub.2 collected from ethanol plants, cement plants, power plants, biogas, carbon dioxide/hydrocarbon mixtures from secondary oil recovery, and other carbon dioxide/hydrocarbon streams. The catalyst system is durable, efficient and maintains a relatively constant level of fuel productivity over long periods of time without requiring re-activation or replacement.

Embodiments of the present invention relates to two improved catalysts and associated processes that directly converts carbon dioxide and hydrogen to liquid fuels. The catalytic converter is comprised of two catalysts in series that are operated at the same pressures to directly produce synthetic liquid fuels or synthetic natural gas. The carbon conversion efficiency for CO.sub.2 to liquid fuels is greater than 45%. The fuel is distilled into a premium diesel fuels (approximately 70 volume %) and naphtha (approximately 30 volume %) which are used directly as “drop-in” fuels without requiring any further processing. Any light hydrocarbons that are present with the carbon dioxide are also converted directly to fuels. This process is directly applicable to the conversion of CO.sub.2 collected from ethanol plants, cement plants, power plants, biogas, carbon dioxide/hydrocarbon mixtures from secondary oil recovery, and other carbon dioxide/hydrocarbon streams. The catalyst system is durable, efficient and maintains a relatively constant level of fuel productivity over long periods of time without requiring re-activation or replacement.

The invention provides an oxygen storage material having high oxygen storage capacity and high thermal durability. The oxygen storage material of the invention has some of the La sites of La.sub.2CuO.sub.4 with a K.sub.2NiF.sub.4-type crystal structure replaced by Ce. The oxygen storage material may have the composition La.sub.(2.00-x)Ce.sub.xCuO.sub.4 (0.20≥×>0.00). The oxygen storage material may also have a precious metal supported. The precious metal may be Pt, Pd or Rh. The exhaust gas purification catalyst is an exhaust gas purification catalyst comprising an oxygen storage material according to the invention.

The invention provides an oxygen storage material having high oxygen storage capacity and high thermal durability. The oxygen storage material of the invention has some of the La sites of La.sub.2CuO.sub.4 with a K.sub.2NiF.sub.4-type crystal structure replaced by Ce. The oxygen storage material may have the composition La.sub.(2.00-x)Ce.sub.xCuO.sub.4 (0.20≥×>0.00). The oxygen storage material may also have a precious metal supported. The precious metal may be Pt, Pd or Rh. The exhaust gas purification catalyst is an exhaust gas purification catalyst comprising an oxygen storage material according to the invention.