The invention relates to a multitubular reactor for dehydrogenation of liquid phase alcohol dehydrogenation and a method of liquid phase alcohol dehydrogenation. Most of the alcohol dehydrogenation reaction is endothermic reaction, the reaction temperature is high and the equilibrium conversion rate is low.

Process for selective the conversion of primary C4 alcohol into propylene comprising: contacting a stream (1) containing essentially a primary C4 alcohol with at least one catalyst at a temperature ranging from 150 C. to 500 C. and at pressure ranging from 0.01 MPa to 10 MPa conditions effective to transform said primary C4 alcohol into an effluent stream (2, 5) containing essentially propylene, carbon monoxide and di-hydrogen, said transformation of primary C4 alcohol comprising at least a reaction of decarbonylation and optionally a decarboxylation reaction, said at least one catalyst comprising a support being a non-acidic i.e. having a TPD NH3 of less than 50 preferably less than 40 mol/g and optionally a non-basic catalyst i.e. having a TPD CO2 of less than 100 preferably less than 50 mol/g.

A dual function composite oxygen transport membrane having a layered structure of mixed conducting oxygen transport materials on a first side of a porous substrate and a reforming catalyst layer on an opposing second side of the porous substrate. The layered structure of the mixed conducting oxygen transport materials contains an intermediate porous layer of mixed conducting oxygen transport materials formed on the porous substrate with a dense impervious layer of mixed conducting oxygen transport materials over the intermediate porous layer, and an optional surface exchange layer of mixed conducting oxygen transport materials over the dense impervious layer. The layered structure and the reforming catalyst layer are formed in separate steps.

A steam reforming catalyst that promotes production of hydrogen from a gas containing a hydrocarbon in the presence of steam includes a carrier and two or more catalyst metals supported on the carrier and including a first metal and a second metal. The first metal includes Ni, the second metal includes at least one of Co and Ru, and the carrier is represented by LaNbO.sub.4 or La.sub.1-xSr.sub.xNbO.sub.4 where x is in a range of 0<x0.12.

In one aspect, disclosed herein are devices comprising a disclosed hybrid microwave-thermal chemical reactor device. Also disclosed herein are methods of preparing hydrogen and a crystalline carbon material, such as a carbon nanotube, from methane using a hybrid heating comprising heating with both a thermal fluid and microwave irradiation of a catalyst. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure.

Nanoporous oxygen reduction catalyst material comprising PtNiIr. The nanoporous oxygen reduction catalyst material is useful, for example, in fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies.

In an apparatus, a gas containing CH.sub.4 and CO.sub.2 is supplied from a first supply unit to a synthetic gas production unit which generates a synthetic gas containing CO and H.sub.2 while heating a first catalytic structure; the synthetic gas is supplied to a gas production unit which generates a lower olefin-containing gas including propylene while heating a second catalytic structure; and a detection unit detects propylene discharged from the gas production unit. The first catalytic structure includes first supports having a porous structure and a first metal fine particle that is present in first channels of the first supports. The second catalyst structure includes second supports having a porous structure and a second metal fine particle in the second supports. The second supports have a second channels, a portion of which have an average inner diameter of 0.95 nm or less.

Use of diverse biomass feedstock in a process for the recovery of target C5 and C6 alditols and target glycols via staged hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis processes is disclosed. Particular alditols of interest include, but are not limited to, xylitol and sorbitol. Various embodiments of the present invention synergistically improve overall recovery of target alditols and/or glycols from a mixed C5/C6 sugar stream without needlessly driving total recovery of the individual target alditols and/or glycols. The result is a highly efficient, low complexity process having enhanced production flexibility, reduced waste and greater overall yield than conventional processes directed to alditol or glycol production.

Embodiments of the present invention relates to two improved catalysts and associated processes that directly converts carbon dioxide and hydrogen to liquid fuels. The catalytic converter is comprised of two catalysts in series that are operated at the same pressures to directly produce synthetic liquid fuels or synthetic natural gas. The carbon conversion efficiency for CO.sub.2 to liquid fuels is greater than 45%. The fuel is distilled into a premium diesel fuels (approximately 70 volume %) and naphtha (approximately 30 volume %) which are used directly as drop-in fuels without requiring any further processing. Any light hydrocarbons that are present with the carbon dioxide are also converted directly to fuels. This process is directly applicable to the conversion of CO.sub.2 collected from ethanol plants, cement plants, power plants, biogas, carbon dioxide/hydrocarbon mixtures from secondary oil recovery, and other carbon dioxide/hydrocarbon streams. The catalyst system is durable, efficient and maintains a relatively constant level of fuel productivity over long periods of time without requiring re-activation or replacement.

In one aspect, disclosed herein are devices comprising a disclosed hybrid microwave-thermal chemical reactor device. Also disclosed herein are methods of preparing hydrogen and a crystalline carbon material, such as a carbon nanotube, from methane using a hybrid heating comprising heating with both a thermal fluid and microwave irradiation of a catalyst. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure.