A short channel ordered mesoporous carbon loaded indium cobalt sulfide and indium nickel sulfide ternary composite photocatalyst, and a preparation method and application thereof. The short channel ordered mesoporous carbon loaded indium cobalt sulfide and indium nickel sulfide ternary composite photocatalyst is prepared by mixing pretreated short channel mesoporous carbon with cobalt salt, nickel salt, indium salt and reducing agent with a hydrothermal reaction. The short channel ordered mesoporous carbon is obtained by calcining a short channel ordered mesoporous silica and a carbon source under the protection of nitrogen, wherein the short channel ordered mesoporous silica is prepared by carrying out reactions of sol-gel-hydrothermal-calcination sequentially using a mixture of a surfactant, a hydrochloric acid solution, ammonium fluoride and tetraethyl orthosilicate. The photocatalyst has strong adsorption and visible light catalytic activity on VOCs, and can effectively adsorb and decompose the enriched VOCs in situ on the surface of the catalyst.

A catalytically active substance includes a copper (I) sulfide mineral particle, and an alkyne functionalized molecule bound to a surface of the copper (I) sulfide mineral particle. In an example method, a copper (I) sulfide mineral is reacted with an alkyne functionalized molecule to form a catalytically active substance. The catalytically active substance is reacted with an azide functionalized molecule to couple the catalytically active substance with the azide functionalized molecule.

The present invention relates to an oxygen reduction catalyst, an electrode, a membrane electrode assembly, and a fuel cell, and the oxygen reduction catalyst is an oxygen reduction catalyst containing substituted CoS.sub.2, in which the substituted CoS.sub.2 has a cubic crystal structure, the oxygen reduction catalyst contains the substituted CoS.sub.2 within 0.83 nm from the surface thereof, and the substituted CoS.sub.2 has at least one substitutional atom selected from the group consisting of Cr, Mo, Mn, Tc, Re, Rh, Cu, and Ag in some of Co atom sites.

The present invention relates to an oxygen reduction catalyst, an electrode, a membrane electrode assembly, and a fuel cell, and the oxygen reduction catalyst is an oxygen reduction catalyst containing substituted CoS.sub.2, in which the substituted CoS.sub.2 has a cubic crystal structure, the oxygen reduction catalyst contains the substituted CoS.sub.2 within 0.83 nm from the surface thereof, and the substituted CoS.sub.2 has at least one substitutional atom selected from the group consisting of Cr, Mo, Mn, Tc, Re, Rh, Cu, and Ag in some of Co atom sites.

Provided are an oxygen reduction catalyst having a high electrode potential under a fuel cell operating environment, an electrode containing the oxygen reduction catalyst, a membrane electrode assembly in which a cathode is the electrode, and a fuel cell including the membrane electrode assembly. The oxygen reduction catalyst used here contains cobalt, sulfur, and oxygen as elements, has a CoS.sub.2 cubic structure in powder X-ray diffractometry, and having an SCo/SO peak area ratio of 6 to 15 in an S2p spectrum in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis.

Provided are an oxygen reduction catalyst having a high electrode potential under a fuel cell operating environment, an electrode containing the oxygen reduction catalyst, a membrane electrode assembly in which a cathode is the electrode, and a fuel cell including the membrane electrode assembly. The oxygen reduction catalyst used here contains cobalt, sulfur, and oxygen as elements, has a CoS.sub.2 cubic structure in powder X-ray diffractometry, and having an SCo/SO peak area ratio of 6 to 15 in an S2p spectrum in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis.

A hydroprocessing catalyst or catalyst precursor has been developed. The catalyst is a transition metal molybdotungstate material or metal sulfides derived therefrom. The hydroprocessing using the transition metal molybdotungstate material may include hydrodenitrification, hydrodesulfurization, hydrodemetallation, hydrodesilication, hydrodearomatization, hydroisomerization, hydrotreating, hydrofining, and hydrocracking.

The present invention relates to an oxygen reduction catalyst, an electrode, a membrane electrode assembly, and a fuel cell, and the oxygen reduction catalyst is an oxygen reduction catalyst containing substituted CoS.sub.2, in which the substituted CoS.sub.2 has a cubic crystal structure, the oxygen reduction catalyst contains the substituted CoS.sub.2 within 0.83 nm from the surface thereof, and the substituted CoS.sub.2 has at least one substitutional atom selected from the group consisting of Cr, Mo, Mn, Tc, Re, Rh, Cu, and Ag in some of Co atom sites.

The present invention relates to an oxygen reduction catalyst, an electrode, a membrane electrode assembly, and a fuel cell, and the oxygen reduction catalyst is an oxygen reduction catalyst containing substituted CoS.sub.2, in which the substituted CoS.sub.2 has a cubic crystal structure, the oxygen reduction catalyst contains the substituted CoS.sub.2 within 0.83 nm from the surface thereof, and the substituted CoS.sub.2 has at least one substitutional atom selected from the group consisting of Cr, Mo, Mn, Tc, Re, Rh, Cu, and Ag in some of Co atom sites.

Embodiments of the invention are directed to Z-scheme photocatalyst for efficient hydrogen generation from water. The Z-scheme photocatalyst can include a hybrid metal that includes a semiconductor material/M1/Cd.sub.xM.sub.1xS material. M1 can be transition metal and M can Zn, Fe, Cu, Sn, Mo, Ag, Pb and Ni.