The present invention discloses a process and catalysts for producing taurine by catalytic ammonolysis of alkali ditaurinate, alkali tritaurinate, and their mixture. Useful catalysts are the ammonium and alkali salts of sulfate, bisulfate, sulfite, bisulfite, carbonate, bicarbonate, nitrate, phosphate, and organic carboxylic acids.

The present invention discloses a process and catalysts for producing taurine by catalytic ammonolysis of alkali ditaurinate, alkali tritaurinate, and their mixture. Useful catalysts are the ammonium and alkali salts of sulfate, bisulfate, sulfite, bisulfite, carbonate, bicarbonate, nitrate, phosphate, and organic carboxylic acids.

Hydroxypropionic acid, hydroxypropionic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof are dehydrated using a catalyst and a method to produce bio-acrylic acid, acrylic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof. A method to produce the dehydration catalyst is also provided.

A redox composition includes a carbohydrate material and a catalytic molar amount of an organic compound positioned in catalytic relationship with the carbohydrate material to catalyze oxidation of the carbohydrate material in an environment in which the carbohydrate material would not otherwise oxidize.

A redox composition includes a carbohydrate material and a catalytic molar amount of an organic compound positioned in catalytic relationship with the carbohydrate material to catalyze oxidation of the carbohydrate material in an environment in which the carbohydrate material would not otherwise oxidize.

An assay device for use with samples of biological fluid, the assay device comprising: an N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP) detection unit for detecting and/or measuring APAP in a biological fluid sample; and an alanine aminotransaminase 1 (ALT1) detection unit for detecting and/or measuring ALT1 in said biological fluid sample, wherein the APAP detection unit and the ALT1 detection unit act together as part of an assay process.

An assay device for use with samples of biological fluid, the assay device comprising: an N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP) detection unit for detecting and/or measuring APAP in a biological fluid sample; and an alanine aminotransaminase 1 (ALT1) detection unit for detecting and/or measuring ALT1 in said biological fluid sample, wherein the APAP detection unit and the ALT1 detection unit act together as part of an assay process.

A method for producing an olefin dimer, including a step of subjecting an olefin containing an olefin having from 4 to 10 carbon atoms to a dimerization reaction in the presence of an olefin dimerization catalyst containing a compound (B) represented by B.sub.nX (wherein B is Na or K, X is CO.sub.3, SO.sub.4, SiO.sub.3, F, Cl, or Br, and n is an integer of 1 or 2 determined by a valence of X), and an alkali metal (D), a content ratio of which is in a specific range, and an olefin dimerization catalyst in which a pore diameter and a volume of pores of the compound (B) are within specific ranges.

A method for producing an olefin dimer, including a step of subjecting an olefin containing an olefin having from 4 to 10 carbon atoms to a dimerization reaction in the presence of an olefin dimerization catalyst containing a compound (B) represented by B.sub.nX (wherein B is Na or K, X is CO.sub.3, SO.sub.4, SiO.sub.3, F, Cl, or Br, and n is an integer of 1 or 2 determined by a valence of X), and an alkali metal (D), a content ratio of which is in a specific range, and an olefin dimerization catalyst in which a pore diameter and a volume of pores of the compound (B) are within specific ranges.

Methods for preparing a salt of urolithin A and, in turn, urolithin A. Combining in an alkaline aqueous solution a copper-containing catalyst, 2-bromo-5-hydroxybenzoic acid, and resorcinol produces a salt of urolithin A. Urolithin A has been prepared by protonating a salt of the compound.