Embodiments relate to a cerium-containing nano-coating composition, the composition including an amorphous matrix including one or more of cerium oxide, cerium hydroxide, and cerium phosphate; and crystalline regions including one or more of crystalline cerium oxide, crystalline cerium hydroxide, and crystalline cerium phosphate. The diameter of each crystalline region is less than about 50 nanometers.

Provided is a catalyst for amide compound hydrogenation characterized in that rhodium and molybdenum are supported on hydroxyapatite, the catalyst for amide compound hydrogenation providing a catalyst that can promote a reduction reaction that converts an amide compound into an amine compound, can be used under moderate conditions, and has durability that allows repeated use thereof while retaining high activity. Also provided is a method for producing an amine compound, the method being characterized by including bringing an amide compound into contact with the catalyst for amide compound hydrogenation to cause hydrogenation, thereby producing an amine compound.

A method of removing CO from a mixture of CO and saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons is provided. In one embodiment, the method is to contact a feed stream with an oxygen transfer agent; and then oxidize at least a portion of the CO to CO.sub.2 to produce a stream enriched in CO.sub.2. The saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons in the feed are not further oxidized during the oxidation. The oxygen transfer agent includes at least one of: i) water; ii) at least one reducible metal oxide; iii) at least one reducible chalcogen; or mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the CO is converted to methane. The unsaturated hydrocarbons in the feed are not hydrogenated. In both of these alternatives, the CO.sub.2 or methane are then removed. Systems for removing the CO are also provided.

This disclosure relates to a novel material based on potassium phosphate salt or cesium phosphate salt and silica, comprising at least one source of silica formed into shape with at least one powder of a potassium phosphate or cesium phosphate salt and the use of this material for the preparation of acrylic acid. The disclosure also relates to a process for preparing said material, comprising at least one step of mixing at least one powder of at least one source of silica with at least one powder of at least one potassium phosphate or cesium phosphate salt and at least one solvent, a step of forming into shape preferably by extrusion of the mixture obtained on conclusion of the mixing step and a step of preparing calcined extrudates and optionally a final hydrothermal treatment step.

This disclosure relates to a novel material based on potassium phosphate salt or cesium phosphate salt and silica, comprising at least one source of silica formed into shape with at least one powder of a potassium phosphate or cesium phosphate salt and the use of this material for the preparation of acrylic acid. The disclosure also relates to a process for preparing said material, comprising at least one step of mixing at least one powder of at least one source of silica with at least one powder of at least one potassium phosphate or cesium phosphate salt and at least one solvent, a step of forming into shape preferably by extrusion of the mixture obtained on conclusion of the mixing step and a step of preparing calcined extrudates and optionally a final hydrothermal treatment step.

Disclosed are a joint production method and device for aziridine, piperazine and triethylenediamine. The method comprises: reaction 1, preparing piperazine and triethylenediamine by taking ethanol amine as a raw material under the existence of a cyclamine catalyst; reaction 2, preparing aziridine by taking the ethanol amine as the raw material under the existence of a catalyst B; and taking heat released in the reaction 1 as a heat source of heat absorption in the reaction 2. The device comprises a reactor 1 for carrying out the reaction 1 and the heat exchange between reaction materials of the reaction 1 and the raw material of the reaction 2 and a reactor 2 for carrying out the reaction 2. According to the present invention, the same raw material, namely the ethanol amine is adopted, aziridine, piperazine and triethylenediamine can be produced in a joint manner, the heat released in the reaction 1 is used for preheating materials in the reaction 2, so that heat coupling between the reactions is implemented, energy conservation is facilitated and competitiveness of the device is improved.

Disclosed are a joint production method and device for aziridine, piperazine and triethylenediamine. The method comprises: reaction 1, preparing piperazine and triethylenediamine by taking ethanol amine as a raw material under the existence of a cyclamine catalyst; reaction 2, preparing aziridine by taking the ethanol amine as the raw material under the existence of a catalyst B; and taking heat released in the reaction 1 as a heat source of heat absorption in the reaction 2. The device comprises a reactor 1 for carrying out the reaction 1 and the heat exchange between reaction materials of the reaction 1 and the raw material of the reaction 2 and a reactor 2 for carrying out the reaction 2. According to the present invention, the same raw material, namely the ethanol amine is adopted, aziridine, piperazine and triethylenediamine can be produced in a joint manner, the heat released in the reaction 1 is used for preheating materials in the reaction 2, so that heat coupling between the reactions is implemented, energy conservation is facilitated and competitiveness of the device is improved.

Hydroxypropionic acid, hydroxypropionic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof are dehydrated using a catalyst and a method to produce bio-acrylic acid, acrylic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof. A method to produce the dehydration catalyst is also provided.

Hydroxypropionic acid, hydroxypropionic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof are dehydrated using a catalyst and a method to produce bio-acrylic acid, acrylic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof. A method to produce the dehydration catalyst is also provided.

Processes for the purification of bio-based acrylic acid to crude and glacial acrylic acid are provided. The bio-based acrylic acid is produced from hydroxypropionic acid, hydroxypropionic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof. The purification includes some or all of the following processes: extraction, drying, distillation, and melt crystallization. The produced glacial or crude acrylic acid contains hydroxypropionic, hydroxypropionic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof as an impurity.