Provided is a catalyst for amide compound hydrogenation characterized in that rhodium and molybdenum are supported on hydroxyapatite, the catalyst for amide compound hydrogenation providing a catalyst that can promote a reduction reaction that converts an amide compound into an amine compound, can be used under moderate conditions, and has durability that allows repeated use thereof while retaining high activity. Also provided is a method for producing an amine compound, the method being characterized by including bringing an amide compound into contact with the catalyst for amide compound hydrogenation to cause hydrogenation, thereby producing an amine compound.

A transesterification catalyst that is heterogeneous and a method for preparing said transesterification catalyst are provided. The catalyst can be used in a variety of transesterification reactor configurations including CSTR (continuous stirred tank reactors), ebullated (or ebullating) beds or any other fluidized bed reactors, and PFR (plug flow, fixed bed reactors). The catalyst can be used for manufacturing commercial grade biodiesel, biolubricants and glycerin.

A catalytic bed for the partial oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride which comprises at least one first catalytic layer and at least one second catalytic layer, wherein each catalytic layer consists of a vanadium and phosphorus mixed oxide (VPO) catalyst and only the catalyst of the second catalytic layer further comprises tungsten, and wherein the second catalytic layer constitutes 25% to 45% of the total length of the catalytic bed and is arranged consecutively after the first catalytic layer along the direction in which the mixture of gases comprising the oxidation reagents flows. The present invention also relates to a process for producing maleic anhydride by partial oxidation of n-butane which uses the catalytic bed.

Disclosed are a ternary polymer donor material, a preparation method and application thereof. The ternary polymer donor material is prepared by Still cross-coupling reaction of chlorinated thiophene (BDT-2Cl), fluorinated thiophene (BDT-2F) and brominated thiophene (BDT-2Br). Terpolymer synthesized in the application is a ternary polymeric donor material based on synergistic effect of fluorine (F) and chlorine (Cl), molecular energy levels of the ternary polymeric donor material are effectively adjusted by controlling contents of the BDT-2Cl, thereby showing graded voltage change, and a balance between driving force and energy loss is achieved through the synergistic effect of the F and the Cl.

Disclosed are a ternary polymer donor material, a preparation method and application thereof. The ternary polymer donor material is prepared by Still cross-coupling reaction of chlorinated thiophene (BDT-2Cl), fluorinated thiophene (BDT-2F) and brominated thiophene (BDT-2Br). Terpolymer synthesized in the application is a ternary polymeric donor material based on synergistic effect of fluorine (F) and chlorine (Cl), molecular energy levels of the ternary polymeric donor material are effectively adjusted by controlling contents of the BDT-2Cl, thereby showing graded voltage change, and a balance between driving force and energy loss is achieved through the synergistic effect of the F and the Cl.

A method of removing CO from a mixture of CO and saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons CO to CO.sub.2 is provided. In one embodiment, the method is to contact feed stream with an oxygen transfer agent; and then oxidize at least a portion of the CO to CO.sub.2 to produce a stream enriched in CO.sub.2. The saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons in the feed are not further oxidized during the oxidation. The oxygen transfer agent includes at least one of: i) water; ii) at least one reducible metal oxide; iii) at least one reducible chalcogen; or mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the CO is converted to methane. The unsaturated hydrocarbons in the feed are not hydrogenated. In both of these alternatives, the CO.sub.2 or methane are then removed. Systems for removing the CO are also provided.

The present invention refers to catalysts that are selective for the reaction of ODH of propane to propene. Said catalysts are potassium salts of the dodecatungstophosphate ion partially substituted with vanadium and niobium, or mixed oxides of W, V, and Nb, with a tungsten bronze structure, obtained by thermal decomposition of polyoxometalate salts with a Keggin structure.

This disclosure provides for routes of synthesis of acrylic acid and other α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids and their salts, including catalytic methods. For example, there is provided a process for producing an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, the process comprising: (1) contacting in any order, a group 8-11 transition metal precursor, an olefin, carbon dioxide, a diluent, and a metal-treated chemically-modified solid oxide such as a sulfur oxoacid anion-modified solid oxide, a phosphorus oxoacid anion-modified solid oxide, or a halide ion-modified solid oxide, to provide a reaction mixture; and (2) applying reaction conditions to the reaction mixture suitable to produce the α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid or the salt thereof. Methods of regenerating the metal-treated chemically-modified solid oxide are described.

The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes a first oxide having a phosphate, a ratio of Brønsted acid sites to Lewis acid sites between 0.05 and 1.00, and a total acidity between 50 μmol/g and 300 μmol/g, where the phosphate is at least one of a functional group covalently bonded to the first oxide and/or an anion ionically bonded to the first oxide.

A method of removing CO from a mixture of CO and saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons is provided. In one embodiment, the method is to contact a feed stream with an oxygen transfer agent; and then oxidize at least a portion of the CO to CO.sub.2 to produce a stream enriched in CO.sub.2. The saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons in the feed are not further oxidized during the oxidation. The oxygen transfer agent includes at least one of: i) water; ii) at least one reducible metal oxide; iii) at least one reducible chalcogen; or mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the CO is converted to methane. The unsaturated hydrocarbons in the feed are not hydrogenated. In both of these alternatives, the CO.sub.2 or methane are then removed. Systems for removing the CO are also provided.