Embodiments include hydrogenating catalysts and methods of making the same. The catalyst includes nanoparticles of a metal phosphide, such as nickel phosphide with a Ni.sub.5P.sub.4 phase. Also included are methods of hydrogenating a gas that contains sulfur. The methods include directing the gas containing sulfur to a catalyst that includes nanoparticles of a metal phosphide, and contacting the catalyst with the gas containing sulfur to produce a hydrogenated gas.

Described herein relates to a method that may be used for synthesizing a bifunctional electrocatalyst for electrochemical water splitting. The method may involve anodically converting an electrodeposited iron-nickel alloy film into an iron-nickel-oxygen nanofilm, followed by sequential phosphorization and/or selenylation treatments via chemical vapor deposition to form a quaternary iron-nickel phosphoselenide nanoporous film. This self-supported catalyst can facilitate both hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution reactions, improving electrolysis efficiency. The inclusion of selenium may enhance electrical conductivity and stabilize catalytic performance, while the nanoporous structure can optimize mass transport. The film may be used as both anode and cathode in a two-electrode electrolyzer, enabling hydrogen production from pure water or seawater. Notably, the catalyst can demonstrate high turnover frequency and low overpotential, potentially surpassing conventional noble-metal-based catalysts. The system's stability under prolonged operation may underscore its potential for scalable hydrogen generation, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and advancing renewable energy applications.

The present invention provides iron phosphide nanoparticles in which iron atoms are in a low valence state and which are stable under an atmospheric condition, a production method therefor, and a reduction catalyst. The present invention relates to iron phosphide nanoparticles having peaks at diffraction angles (20.5) of 48.3 and 32.7 in a powder X-ray diffraction measurement using CuK radiation, wherein, when the iron phosphide nanoparticles are measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), iron atoms contained therein have a peak in a range of 706.0 to 707.5 eV in an Fe2p.sub.3/2 spectrum.

Systems for upgrading pyrolysis oil include a first fixed-bed reactor having a first catalyst bed and a second catalyst bed. The first catalyst bed includes: a first treating catalyst containing alumina, binder, Mo, Ni, and P; a second treating catalyst made of Al.sub.2O.sub.3, SiO.sub.2, ZrO.sub.2, NiO, and WO.sub.3; or both. The second catalyst bed includes mixed metal oxide catalyst. The first fixed-bed reactor contacts the pyrolysis oil with hydrogen in the presence of the treating catalyst and the mixed metal oxide catalyst to produce an intermediate stream comprising light aromatic compounds. The system includes a second fixed-bed reactor downstream that includes a mesoporous supported metal catalyst having nickel and tungsten on a mesoporous support. The second fixed-bed reactor contacts the intermediate stream with hydrogen in the presence of the mesoporous supported metal catalyst to produce a second reactor effluent comprising aromatic compounds having six to eight carbon atoms.

A catalyst used for dehydrogenation of an organic hydrogen-storage material to generate hydrogen, a support for the catalyst, and a preparation process thereof are presented. A hydrogen-storage alloy and a preparation process thereof are provided. A process for providing high-purity hydrogen, a high-efficiently distributed process for producing high-purity and high-pressure hydrogen, a system for providing high-purity and high-pressure hydrogen, a mobile hydrogen supply system, and a distributed hydrogen supply apparatus are also described.

Provided is a water electrolysis catalyst with a core-shell structure, which has a vanadium-doped cobalt nitride (VCo.sub.4N) core; and a cobalt-nickel phosphate (CoNiPO.sub.x, x is a natural number) shell.

There is provided a method of preparing a photoelectrochemical and electrochemical electrode catalyst, the method including preparing a metal oxide-based electrode, introducing a phosphate layer on a surface of the metal oxide-based electrode; and converting the phosphate layer into an oxyhydroxide layer by performing electrochemical activation on the phosphate layer. The efficiency of selective oxidation reaction of ammonia in wastewater may be improved.

The present disclosure provides a catalyst, its preparation and uses thereof, the catalyst comprising a conductive substrate coated by at least two layers including a proximal layer and a distal layer wherein said proximal layer comprises a proximal metal composition and said distal layer comprise a distal metal composition, the proximal metal composition being different from the distal metal composition; wherein said proximal metal composition comprises a metallic M and said distal metal composition comprise a combination of two or more different metal complexes, each having a formula M.sub.xL.sub.y, wherein M, which may be the same or different in said two or more metal complexes, represents a metal atom; L, which may be the same or different in said two or more metal complexes, represents a moiety comprising at least one atom selected from the group consisting of oxygen (O), phosphorous (P), boron (B) and nitrogen (N); x represents any value between (1) and (6); and y represents any value between (1) and (6); and wherein said metal atom of metallic M and said metal atom in M.sub.xL.sub.y may be the same or different metal atom.

An electrode assembly including a first electrode and a dielectric layer on the first electrode. The dielectric layer comprises a lead-containing compound of the formula PbMgV.sub.2O.sub.7, Pb.sub.2Te.sub.3O.sub.8, PbZnV.sub.2O.sub.7, Na.sub.2PbO.sub.2, PbP.sub.2O.sub.6, PbZnSiO.sub.4, Pb.sub.2In.sub.2Si.sub.2O.sub.9, Pb.sub.6(AsO.sub.4)[B(AsO.sub.4).sub.4], PbAl.sub.2Si.sub.2O.sub.8, K.sub.4PbO.sub.3, Pb.sub.2TiAs.sub.2O.sub.9, Pb.sub.4O(VO.sub.4).sub.2, Rb.sub.4PbO.sub.3, Pb.sub.2V.sub.2O.sub.7, Pb.sub.9Al.sub.8O.sub.21, Nd(Al.sub.3O.sub.6)(Pb.sub.2O.sub.2), Pb.sub.6Co.sub.9(TeO.sub.6).sub.5, Pb.sub.3(B.sub.3O.sub.7)NO.sub.3, a lead-containing oxyhalide of the formula Pb.sub.13(Cl.sub.3O.sub.5).sub.2, Pb.sub.13(Br.sub.3O.sub.5).sub.2, Pb.sub.2OF.sub.2, Pb.sub.2CO.sub.3F.sub.2, Pb(AsO.sub.2).sub.3Cl, Pb.sub.3O.sub.2(OH)Cl, Pb.sub.6(BO.sub.3).sub.3OCl, Pb.sub.2B.sub.5O.sub.9I, Pb.sub.2B.sub.5O.sub.9Br, Pb.sub.2B.sub.5O.sub.9Cl, Pb.sub.5(AsO.sub.3).sub.3Cl, Pb.sub.8Y.sub.6F.sub.32O, Pb(O.sub.2Pb.sub.3).sub.2(BO.sub.3)Br.sub.3, Pb.sub.6LaO.sub.7Cl, a lead-containing phosphate of the formula Pb.sub.2PO.sub.4I, Pb.sub.2InP.sub.3O.sub.11, Pb.sub.2MoP.sub.3O.sub.11, Pb.sub.2Ni(PO.sub.4).sub.2, Pb.sub.2VO(PO.sub.4), K.sub.2Pb(PO.sub.3).sub.4, Pb.sub.3(MoO).sub.3(PO.sub.4).sub.5, Pb.sub.4O(PO.sub.4).sub.2, RbPb(PO.sub.3).sub.3, PbVO.sub.2PO.sub.4, Pb.sub.5(PO.sub.4).sub.3F, Pb.sub.5(PO.sub.4).sub.3Cl, Pb.sub.5(PO.sub.4).sub.3I, PbP.sub.2O.sub.6, or a combination thereof. The electrode assembly can be particularly useful in various electronic devices.

Systems for upgrading pyrolysis oil include a first fixed-bed reactor having a first catalyst bed and a second catalyst bed. The first catalyst bed includes: a first treating catalyst containing alumina, binder, Mo, Ni, and P; a second treating catalyst made of Al.sub.2O.sub.3, SiO.sub.2, ZrO.sub.2, NiO, and WO.sub.3; or both. The second catalyst bed includes mixed metal oxide catalyst. The first fixed-bed reactor contacts the pyrolysis oil with hydrogen in the presence of the treating catalyst and the mixed metal oxide catalyst to produce an intermediate stream comprising light aromatic compounds. The system includes a second fixed-bed reactor downstream that includes a mesoporous supported metal catalyst having nickel and tungsten on a mesoporous support. The second fixed-bed reactor contacts the intermediate stream with hydrogen in the presence of the mesoporous supported metal catalyst to produce a second reactor effluent comprising aromatic compounds having six to eight carbon atoms.