A carbon catalyst has improved catalytic activity, and an electrode and a battery include the carbon catalyst. A carbon catalyst includes a metal and phosphorus atoms, wherein a ratio of a concentration (atomic %) of the phosphorus atoms exhibiting a peak having a peak top within a range of 132.5±0.3 eV and having a full width at half maximum of 2.0±0.5 eV, which is obtained by peak separation of a phosphorus atom P2p peak, with respect to a concentration (atomic %) of carbon atoms in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic measurement is 0.0005 or more.

The invention provides a continuous preparation method of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, comprising the following steps: carrying out liquid-phase catalytic telomerization reaction on ethylene and carbon tetrachloride serving as initial raw materials in the presence of a composite catalyst to obtain a reaction product; performing two-stage membrane separation and purification on the reaction product, and then sequentially performing a primary high-temperature cracking reaction, a gas-phase chlorination reaction, a secondary high-temperature cracking reaction, a primary gas-phase catalytic fluorination reaction and a secondary gas-phase catalytic fluorination reaction to obtain a reaction product; condensing and rectifying the secondary gas-phase catalytic fluorination reaction product to obtain the 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene product.

In one aspect, the disclosure relates to catalysts for electrochemical water splitting, in particular catalysts useful for oxygen evolution at an anode in electrochemical water splitting. The disclosed catalysts compositions comprise a catalyst core component, a shell component, and optionally a catalyst outer component; wherein the catalyst core component comprises a composition having the chemical formula M.sub.xP.sub.y; where M is a transition metal; wherein x is a number from about 1 to about 20; wherein y is a number from about 1 to about 20; wherein the shell component comprises a conducting polymer; and wherein the catalyst outer component is a transition metal that is not the same as the transition metal M. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure.

A catalyst including an amorphous matrix of a metallic glass including iron and phosphorous; wherein when the catalyst performs a catalytic reaction with a reactant, the metallic glass catalyst activates at least some of the reactant, and at least a portion of the catalyst at a surface of the metallic glass matrix transforms to a surface layer including a material property different from that of the metallic glass matrix being covered by the surface layer; and wherein the surface layer is arranged to maintain an amorphous structure of the metallic glass matrix and to facilitate the catalytic reaction to occur at the surface layer.

The present invention relates to a hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst comprising in its unreduced form a) Fe as catalytically active metal, b) an alkali metal and/or alkaline-earth metal in an alkali metal- and/or alkaline-earth metal-containing promoter, the alkali metal, c) and a further promoter comprising, or consisting of, one or more element(s) selected from the group of boron, germanium, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, sulphur, selenium and tellurium, to a process for the synthesis of a hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst, to a hydrocarbon synthesis process which is operated in the present of such a catalyst and to the use of such a catalyst in a hydrocarbon synthesis process.

An oligomerization catalyst, oligomer products, methods for making and using same. The catalyst can include a supported nickel phosphate compound. The catalyst is stable at oligomerization temperatures of 500° C. or higher and particularly useful for making oligomer products containing C4 to C26 olefins having a boiling point in the range of 170° C. to 360° C.

The invention relates to a corrosion-resistant, reactive adsorbent which is made up of element iron on a carbon carrier plus sulfur and additional phosphorus as well as a method for producing this reactive adsorbent and use thereof for removal of reductively degradable pollutants in contaminated groundwater and wastewater.

Disclosed herein are processes, systems, and catalysts for improving pyrolysis technology. The disclosed processes and systems utilize a catalyst to increase pyrolysis gas (py-gas) and decrease bio-oil yields in pyrolysis reactions. The disclosed catalysts may include biochar derived from pyrolysis of industrial residuals, such as pyrolysis of wastewater biosolids (WB) and paper mill sludge (PMS). The disclosed catalysts also may include ash derived from incineration of wastewater biosolids (“biosolids incineration ash” (BIA)).

The present disclosure relates to a process for decomposition of sulfuric acid, particularly a process for catalytically decomposing sulfuric acid, to obtain sulfur dioxide therefrom. In the present process, catalysts play a major role for improving the dissociation efficiency by lowering the activation energy barrier for the reaction.

The present disclosure relates to a catalyst composition for conversion of sulphur trioxide to sulphur dioxide and oxygen comprising an active material selected from the group consisting of transitional metal oxide, mixed transitional metal oxide, and combinations thereof; and a support material selected from the group consisting of silica, titania, zirconia, carbides, and combinations thereof. The subject matter also relates to a process for the preparation of the catalyst composition for conversion of sulphur trioxide to sulphur dioxide and oxygen.