Provided is a formed body containing at least one carbonate compound (A1) selected from Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 or K.sub.2CO.sub.3, the formed body having a volume of pores with a pore diameter of from 0.05 m to 10 m of from 0.10 mL/g to 0.30 mL/g and a crushing strength of from 1.8 kgf to 10.0 kgf.

The present invention is concerned with a catalyst for the conversion of ethanol to 1,3-butadiene comprising a component A selected from the list consisting of zeolite, silicon dioxide, aluminium oxide, or any combination thereof; and a component B.sub.cat comprising a mixed metal oxide, a catalyst precursor for the preparation of a catalyst for the conversion of ethanol to 1,3-butadiene comprising a component A selected from the list consisting of zeolite, silicon dioxide, aluminium oxide, or any combination thereof; and a component B.sub.pre comprising a layered double hydroxide (LDH) as well as a process for the conversion of ethanol to 1,3-butadiene, in which said catalyst is used.

The present invention is concerned with a catalyst for the conversion of ethanol to 1,3-butadiene comprising a component A selected from the list consisting of zeolite, silicon dioxide, aluminium oxide, or any combination thereof; and a component B.sub.cat comprising a mixed metal oxide, a catalyst precursor for the preparation of a catalyst for the conversion of ethanol to 1,3-butadiene comprising a component A selected from the list consisting of zeolite, silicon dioxide, aluminium oxide, or any combination thereof; and a component B.sub.pre comprising a layered double hydroxide (LDH) as well as a process for the conversion of ethanol to 1,3-butadiene, in which said catalyst is used.

This invention relates to a catalyst system comprising (a) at least one layer of a first catalyst comprising a dehydrogenation active metal on a solid support; (b) at least one layer of a second catalyst comprising a metal oxide; and (c) at least one layer of a third catalyst comprising a transition metal on an inorganic support; wherein the at least one layer of a second catalyst is sandwiched between the at least one layer of a first catalyst and the at least one layer of a third catalyst; and a process comprising contacting a hydrocarbon feed with the catalyst system.

A catalyst for methane synthesis is made up from layered double hydroxides represented by the following general formula (1).

[M.sup.2+.sub.1-xM.sup.3+.sub.x(OH).sub.2].sup.x+[A.sup.n?.sub.x/n.Math.yH.sub.2O](1)

In formula (1), M.sup.2+ is Ni.sup.2+ and M.sup.3+ is Al.sup.3+ or Cr.sup.3+. Further, A.sup.n? is CO.sub.3.sup.2?. Furthermore, the term x lies within a range of 0.19 to 0.34 (0.19?x?0.34), and y is 0 or a positive integer.

A catalyst for methane synthesis is made up from layered double hydroxides represented by the following general formula (1).

[M.sup.2+.sub.1-xM.sup.3+.sub.x(OH).sub.2].sup.x+[A.sup.n?.sub.x/n.Math.yH.sub.2O](1)

In formula (1), M.sup.2+ is Ni.sup.2+ and M.sup.3+ is Al.sup.3+ or Cr.sup.3+. Further, A.sup.n? is CO.sub.3.sup.2?. Furthermore, the term x lies within a range of 0.19 to 0.34 (0.19?x?0.34), and y is 0 or a positive integer.

A catalyst component is described for reducing the total acid number of a refinery feedstock. A solid catalyst material that is pretreated with a caustic base solution form the catalyst component effective for contacting a refinery feedstock to reduce the total acid number.

A catalyst component is described for reducing the total acid number of a refinery feedstock. A solid catalyst material that is pretreated with a caustic base solution form the catalyst component effective for contacting a refinery feedstock to reduce the total acid number.

A hydrothermal method of preparing uniform, monodisperse ceramic lanthanum hydroxyl carbonate (LaCO.sub.3OH) having cherry-blossom-like nanogears and/or nanocubes is described. The method produced a hexagonal crystal with a crystal lattice in which at least on lanthanum ion is substituted with calcium ion. The ceramic nanoparticles produced by the method are good catalyst for the reduction of nitrogen oxides with a hydrocarbon. A method of reducing exhaust gases is described.

A hydrothermal method of preparing uniform, monodisperse ceramic lanthanum hydroxyl carbonate (LaCO.sub.3OH) having cherry-blossom-like nanogears and/or nanocubes is described. The method produced a hexagonal crystal with a crystal lattice in which at least on lanthanum ion is substituted with calcium ion. The ceramic nanoparticles produced by the method are good catalyst for the reduction of nitrogen oxides with a hydrocarbon. A method of reducing exhaust gases is described.