A family of crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites has been synthesized that is a layered pentasil zeolite. These zeolites are represented by the empirical formula:
M.sub.m.sup.n+R.sub.r.sup.p+Al.sub.1-xE.sub.xSi.sub.yO.sub.z
where M is an alkali, alkaline earth, or rare earth metal such as sodium or strontium, R can be a mixture of organoammonium cations and E is a framework element such as gallium, iron, boron, or indium. These zeolites are characterized by unique x-ray diffraction patterns and compositions and have catalytic properties for carrying out various hydrocarbon conversion processes. The diffraction patterns can be characterized by the following table: TABLE-US-00001 2Θ d(Å) I/Io 7.92-7.99 11.04-11.31 m 8.79-8.88  9.94-11.09 m 20.28-20.56 4.31-4.35 w 23.10-23.18 3.83-3.84 vs 23.86-24.05 3.69-3.72 m 29.90-30.05 2.97-2.98 w 45.02-45.17 2.00-2.01 w

A method of making a zeolite with encapsulated platinum is provided. The method includes dissolving an aluminum source in water to form a first solution, dissolving a hydroxide in water to form a second solution, dissolving a templating agent in water to form a third solution, and adding a silica source to the first solution to form a fourth solution. The method further includes adding the second solution to the fourth solution to form a fifth solution, adding the third solution to the fifth solution to form a sixth solution, and adding a platinum source to the sixth solution. The sixth solution is crystallized to form a solid product, which is recovered. The solid product is calcined. An ammonium ion exchange is performed on the solid product to form a second solid product, and the second solid product is calcined

Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to hydrocracking catalysts and methods of making same. The hydrocracking catalyst comprises a platinum encapsulated zeolite having a crystallinity greater than 20% determined by X-ray powder diffraction analysis.

An improved cluster-supporting catalyst has heteroatom-removed zeolite particles, and catalyst metal clusters supported within the pores of the heteroatom-removed zeolite particles. A method for producing a cluster-supporting catalyst includes the following steps: providing a dispersion liquid containing a dispersion medium and the heteroatom-removed zeolite particles dispersed in the dispersion medium; and in the dispersion liquid, forming catalyst metal clusters having a positive charge, and supporting the catalyst metal clusters within the pores of the heteroatom-removed zeolite particles through an electrostatic interaction.

Catalysts and methods for use in conversion of glycerides and free fatty acids to biodiesel are described. A batch or continuous process may be used with the catalysts for transesterification of triglycerides with an alkyl alcohol to produce corresponding mono carboxylic acid esters and glycerol in high yields and purity. Similarly, alkyl and aryl carboxylic acids and free fatty acids are also converted to corresponding alkyl esters. Catalysts are capable of simultaneous esterification and transesterification under same process conditions. The described catalysts are thermostable, long lasting, and highly active.

A method of making a multifunctional catalyst for upgrading pyrolysis oil includes contacting a zeolite support with a solution including at least a first metal catalyst precursor and a second metal catalyst precursor, the first metal catalyst precursor, the second metal catalyst precursor, or both, including a heteropolyacid. Contacting the zeolite support with the solution deposits or adsorbs the first metal catalyst precursor and the second catalyst precursor onto outer surfaces and pore surfaces of the zeolite support to produce a multifunctional catalyst precursor. The method further includes removing excess solution from the multifunctional catalyst precursor and calcining the multifunctional catalyst precursor to produce the multifunctional catalyst comprising at least a first metal catalyst and a second metal catalyst deposited on the outer surfaces and pore surfaces of the zeolite support.

Composite catalysts includes zeolite particles at least partially embedded in a catalyst support material and at least one catalytically active compound deposited on the outer surfaces and pore surfaces of the catalyst support material, zeolite particles, or both. A method of making the composite catalysts may include preparing a catalyst precursor mixture that includes the zeolite, catalyst support material, triblock copolymer surfactant, and the catalytically active compound precursor and spray drying the catalyst precursor mixture. The composite catalysts may be used as a single catalyst for conducting olefin metathesis and cracking reactions. A method for producing propene may include contacting a butene-containing feed with the composite catalysts.

Zeolite catalysts and systems and methods for preparing and using zeolite catalysts having the CHA crystal structure are disclosed. The catalysts can be used to remove nitrogen oxides from a gaseous medium across a broad temperature range and exhibit hydrothermal stable at high reaction temperatures. The zeolite catalysts include a zeolite carrier having a silica to alumina ratio from about 15:1 to about 256:1 and a copper to alumina ratio from about 0.25:1 to about 1:1.

An exhaust gas heating unit for an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine includes a jacket heating conductor element (12) including a jacket (16) and with an electrical heating conductor (14), which extends in the jacket and is enclosed by insulating material (18). A heat transfer surface formation (20) is arranged on, and in heat transfer contact with, an outer side of the jacket. The heat transfer surface formation includes a heat transfer element with a meandering extent along the jacket heating conductor element with a plurality of heat transfer element sections (32), which pass over into one another in bent areas (30) and are arranged following one another in a longitudinal direction of the jacket heating conductor element. Each heat transfer element section in association with the jacket heating conductor element has a passage opening (34), through which the jacket heating conductor element passes.

The present disclosure features a high metal cation content zeolite-based binary catalyst (e.g., a high copper and/or iron content zeolite-based binary catalyst, where the zeolite can be a chabazite) for NO.sub.x reduction, having relatively low N.sub.2O make, and having low corresponding metal oxide content; where the metal in the metal oxide corresponds to the metal of the metal cation. The present disclosure also describes the synthesis of the zeolite-based binary catalyst having high metal cation content.