A fluid catalytic cracking catalyst composition (FCC catalyst composition) includes a framework-substituted ultra-stable Y-type zeolite (USY zeolite) having one or more transition metals substituted into the framework of a USY zeolite and a FCC zeolite cracking additive. A method for upgrading a hydrocarbon feed includes contacting the hydrocarbon feed with the FCC catalyst composition of the present disclosure at reaction conditions sufficient to upgrade at least a portion of the hydrocarbon feed. A method for upgrading a hydrocarbon feed includes passing the hydrocarbon feed to a fluid catalytic cracking unit, contacting the hydrocarbon feed with a FCC catalyst composition in the fluid catalytic cracking unit under reaction conditions sufficient to cause at least a portion of the hydrocarbon feed to undergo cracking reactions to produce a cracking reaction mixture comprising a used FCC catalyst composition and a cracked effluent comprising one or more olefins.

The present disclosure provides a catalyst represented by Formula (I)

##STR00001##

wherein the moiety X[(RO.sub.a)(QO.sub.b)] and the moiety Z are mechanically mixed; wherein the weight percentage of the moiety Z is about 1% to about 99% of the total weight of the catalyst. Furthermore, the present disclosure provides a tunable, low-temperature, energy-efficient process for hydrocracking plastics to form a fuel, a lubricant, or a mixture thereof.

The technology relates to a method of preparing a supported molybdenum catalyst, using a simultaneous acid-base mediated ion exchange process and continually monitoring pH, where molybdenum ions are dispersed inside zeolite channels and located in proximity to the acidic aluminum sites. This process leads to high catalytic activity and resistance to deactivation.

The technology relates to a method of preparing a supported molybdenum catalyst, using a simultaneous acid-base mediated ion exchange process and continually monitoring pH, where molybdenum ions are dispersed inside zeolite channels and located in proximity to the acidic aluminum sites. This process leads to high catalytic activity and resistance to deactivation.

Methods for cracking a hydrocarbon feed stream include contacting a hydrocarbon feed stream with a catalyst system in a catalytic cracking unit having a flowing gas stream to obtain a cracking product containing light olefins. The catalyst system includes at least a base catalyst. The base catalyst includes a pentasil zeolite. The pentasil zeolite includes from 0.01% to 5% by mass lithium atoms, as calculated on an oxide basis, based on the total mass of the pentasil zeolite. The flowing gas stream comprises hydrogen and, optionally, at least one additional carrier gas.

Methods for cracking a hydrocarbon feed stream include contacting a hydrocarbon feed stream with a catalyst system in a catalytic cracking unit having a flowing gas stream to obtain a cracking product containing light olefins. The catalyst system includes at least a base catalyst. The base catalyst includes a pentasil zeolite. The pentasil zeolite includes from 0.01% to 5% by mass lithium atoms, as calculated on an oxide basis, based on the total mass of the pentasil zeolite. The flowing gas stream comprises hydrogen and, optionally, at least one additional carrier gas.

A method for converting a diol in solution to an olefin fraction, the method comprising: (i) reacting a diol of the formula HO—R—OH in solution with a carbonyl-containing molecule of the formula: ##STR00001##
in the presence of an acid catalyst to result in a dioxolane molecule of the formula: ##STR00002##
wherein R is a hydrocarbon linker containing 1-12 carbon atoms, and R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently selected from hydrogen atom and hydrocarbon groups containing 1-12 carbon atoms, wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 optionally interconnect; (ii) removing the dioxolane molecule from the solution by phase separation; and (iii) contacting the dioxolane molecule with a metal-loaded zeolite at a temperature of 100-500° C. to convert the dioxolane molecule to an olefin fraction.

A method for converting a diol in solution to an olefin fraction, the method comprising: (i) reacting a diol of the formula HO—R—OH in solution with a carbonyl-containing molecule of the formula: ##STR00001##
in the presence of an acid catalyst to result in a dioxolane molecule of the formula: ##STR00002##
wherein R is a hydrocarbon linker containing 1-12 carbon atoms, and R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently selected from hydrogen atom and hydrocarbon groups containing 1-12 carbon atoms, wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 optionally interconnect; (ii) removing the dioxolane molecule from the solution by phase separation; and (iii) contacting the dioxolane molecule with a metal-loaded zeolite at a temperature of 100-500° C. to convert the dioxolane molecule to an olefin fraction.

A process for upgrading a hydrocarbon feed includes contacting the hydrocarbon feed with steam in the presence of a cracking catalyst in a steam catalytic cracking reactor at reaction conditions sufficient to cause at least a portion of hydrocarbons in the hydrocarbon feed to undergo one or more cracking reactions to produce a steam catalytic cracking effluent comprising light olefins, light aromatic compounds, or both, where the cracking catalyst comprises a ZSM-11 zeolite.

A process for upgrading a hydrocarbon feed includes contacting the hydrocarbon feed with steam in the presence of a cracking catalyst in a steam catalytic cracking reactor at reaction conditions sufficient to cause at least a portion of hydrocarbons in the hydrocarbon feed to undergo one or more cracking reactions to produce a steam catalytic cracking effluent comprising light olefins, light aromatic compounds, or both, where the cracking catalyst comprises a ZSM-11 zeolite.