A process for converting crude oil to light olefins, aromatics, or both, includes contacting a crude oil with an FCC catalyst composition in a fluidized catalytic cracking system at a temperature of greater than or equal to 580° C., a weight ratio of the FCC catalyst to the crude oil of from 2:1 to 10:1, and a residence time of from 0.1 seconds to 60 seconds. Contacting causes at least a portion of hydrocarbons in the crude oil to undergo cracking reactions to produce a cracked effluent comprising at least olefins. The FCC catalyst composition for producing olefins and aromatics from crude oil includes ultrastable Y-type zeolite impregnated with lanthanum, ZSM-5 zeolite impregnated with phosphorous, where the nano-ZSM-5 zeolite has an average particle size of from 0.01 μm to 0.2 μm, an alumina binder, colloidal silica, and a matrix material comprising Kaolin clay.

Provided herein are methods of producing acrylic acid from beta-propiolactone. Such methods may involve the use of a heterogeneous catalyst, such as a zeolite.

Provided herein are methods of producing acrylic acid from beta-propiolactone. Such methods may involve the use of a heterogeneous catalyst, such as a zeolite.

Disclosed herein are modified zeolites and methods for making modified zeolites. In one or more embodiments disclosed herein, a modified zeolite may include a microporous framework including a plurality of micropores having diameters of less than or equal to 2 nm. The microporous framework may include at least silicon atoms and oxygen atoms. The modified zeolite may further include organometallic moieties each bonded to bridging oxygen atoms. The organometallic moieties may include a platinum atom. The platinum atom may be bonded to a bridging oxygen atom, and the bridging oxygen atom may bridge the platinum atom of the organometallic moiety and a silicon atom of the microporous framework.

Disclosed herein are modified zeolites and methods for making modified zeolites. In one or more embodiments disclosed herein, a modified zeolite may include a microporous framework including a plurality of micropores having diameters of less than or equal to 2 nm. The microporous framework may include at least silicon atoms and oxygen atoms. The modified zeolite may further include organometallic moieties each bonded to bridging oxygen atoms. The organometallic moieties may include a platinum atom. The platinum atom may be bonded to a bridging oxygen atom, and the bridging oxygen atom may bridge the platinum atom of the organometallic moiety and a silicon atom of the microporous framework.

A method may include: contacting a light paraffin feed comprising ethane, propane, butane, naphtha or combinations thereof with a restrained catalyst in a reactor; converting at least a portion of the light paraffin feed to ethylene, propylene, or combinations thereof with an olefin selectivity of at least 70 wt. % and methane selectivity of less than 15 wt. %; and withdrawing a product stream from the reactor.

A method may include: contacting a light paraffin feed comprising ethane, propane, butane, naphtha or combinations thereof with a restrained catalyst in a reactor; converting at least a portion of the light paraffin feed to ethylene, propylene, or combinations thereof with an olefin selectivity of at least 70 wt. % and methane selectivity of less than 15 wt. %; and withdrawing a product stream from the reactor.

A heterogeneous catalyst composition for para-hydrogen induced polarization includes ligand-capped nanoparticles dispersed in water. The ligand-capped nanoparticles include metal nanoparticles that are surface functionalized with organic ligands, a molecular weight of the organic ligands is no greater than 300 g/mol, and the organic ligands each includes multiple binding moieties as coordinates sites for binding to a nanoparticle surface.

A heterogeneous catalyst composition for para-hydrogen induced polarization includes ligand-capped nanoparticles dispersed in water. The ligand-capped nanoparticles include metal nanoparticles that are surface functionalized with organic ligands, a molecular weight of the organic ligands is no greater than 300 g/mol, and the organic ligands each includes multiple binding moieties as coordinates sites for binding to a nanoparticle surface.

According to embodiments, a process for aromatizing hydrocarbons may include contacting the hydrocarbons with a zinc- or gallium-doped ZSM-5 catalyst having a mesopore volume of greater than 0.09 cm.sup.3/g. Contacting the hydrocarbons with the catalyst causes a least a portion of the hydrocarbons to undergo chemical reactions to form aromatic hydrocarbons.